Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substance (PFAS) Analysis in Environmental Matrices: An Overview of the Extraction and Chromatographic Detection Methods

Analytica Pub Date : 2024-04-19 DOI:10.3390/analytica5020012
Alessia Iannone, Fabiana Carriera, Cristina Di Fiore, P. Avino
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Abstract

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are carbon–fluorine compounds with widespread industrial and domestic use, posing potential toxicological risks to humans and ecosystems. Several analytical methods have been developed to assess the occurrence of PFASs in the environment, but a standardized method, applicable to all matrices, is still lacking. This paper reviews the extraction and chromatographic detection methods for PFAS assessment in environmental samples, considering parameters such as the LOD, LOQ, and recoveries. Solid phase extraction (SPE) is commonly used, showing high recovery rates for water, soil, and sediment samples using HBL and WAX polymeric sorbents (85–100% and 93–111.5%, respectively). LC-MS has demonstrated low LODs and LOQs in seawater (0.01–0.08 ng L−1; 0.03–0.24 ng L−1), marine sediment (0.002–0.018 ng g−1; 0.004–0.054 ng g−1), and dust (0.08–0.68 pg g−1; 0.26–2.25 pg g−1), indicating its sensitivity when detecting trace PFAS levels. Evaluating PFASs is crucial for the development of future removal strategies and risk assessments. Potential solutions including the use of PFAS substitutes and innovative adsorption techniques for their adsorption could present promise in reducing their environmental presence.
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环境基质中的多氟和全氟烷基物质 (PFAS) 分析:萃取和色谱检测方法概述
全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质(PFASs)是一种碳氟化合物,在工业和家庭中广泛使用,对人类和生态系统构成潜在的毒理学风险。目前已开发出多种分析方法来评估环境中出现的 PFASs,但仍缺乏一种适用于所有基质的标准化方法。本文综述了用于评估环境样本中 PFAS 的萃取和色谱检测方法,并考虑了 LOD、LOQ 和回收率等参数。固相萃取 (SPE) 是常用的萃取方法,使用 HBL 和 WAX 聚合物吸附剂萃取水、土壤和沉积物样品的回收率很高(分别为 85-100% 和 93-111.5%)。在海水(0.01-0.08 毫微克/升;0.03-0.24 毫微克/升)、海洋沉积物(0.002-0.018 毫微克/克;0.004-0.054 毫微克/克)和灰尘(0.08-0.68 皮克/克;0.26-2.25 皮克/克)中,LC-MS 的 LOD 和 LOQ 都很低,表明其在检测痕量 PFAS 水平时的灵敏度很高。评估全氟辛烷磺酸对于制定未来的清除策略和风险评估至关重要。潜在的解决方案包括使用全氟辛烷磺酸替代品和创新的吸附技术来吸附全氟辛烷磺酸,这将有望减少全氟辛烷磺酸在环境中的存在。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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