Tectonic fractures induced by strike-slip faulting in intracratonic ultradeep carbonate rocks: Insights from the finite element method and self-adaptive constraints computational model for boundary conditions

Yuntao Li, Wenlong Ding, Jun Han, Xuyun Chen, Cheng Huang, Jingtian Li, Shihao Ding
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Abstract

Numerical simulations of the paleostress field during a period of tectonic fracture formation and rock failure criteria are used to quantitatively predict the development and occurrence of tectonic fractures induced by the formation of the SB18 fault zone in the Middle Ordovician Yijianfang Formation of the Shunnan area, Tarim Basin, China. The results of acoustic emission experiments, mechanical property measurements, and tectonic fracture occurrence observations obtained from core descriptions and fullbore formation microimager logs are combined with the Andersonian model of faulting and the finite element method, which is widely used for the numerical simulation of stress fields, to investigate the paleotectonic and in situ stress fields via numerical simulation. The quantitative prediction of the opening pressure and opening sequence of tectonic fractures is based on the occurrence of tectonic fracture, numerical simulation of in situ stresses, and coordinate system conversion. The results show that the width of the fracture zone induced by strike-slip faulting is ∼310 m. The degree of fracture development is significantly increased when the Young’s modulus, paleostress difference, and paleostress difference coefficient of the rock are elevated. The current horizontal principal stress is positively correlated with the distance from the fault, and the elevated areal density of the secondary faults causes a clockwise deflection of the horizontal stress direction. SSE-striking shear fractures with orientations ranging from 140° to 150° and two sets of tensional fractures with orientations ranging from −40° to −35° and 55° to 60° are preferentially opened in the water injection development stage of the reservoir. As the horizontal stress difference, horizontal stress difference coefficient, and angle between the maximum horizontal principal stress and a fracture decrease, the fracture opening pressure decreases. At the structural highs (burial depths <6225 m) and lows (burial depths >6225 m), the fracture burial depth is positively and negatively correlated with the opening pressure, respectively. Quantitative prediction of tectonic fracture developmental characteristics, opening pressure, and the opening sequence and investigation of the main factors that control their development can help to identify and support opportunities for hydrocarbon exploration and development of fractured carbonate reservoirs.
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地壳内超深碳酸盐岩走向滑动断层诱发的构造断裂:有限元法和边界条件自适应约束计算模型的启示
通过数值模拟构造断裂形成时期的古应力场和岩石破坏标准,定量预测了中国塔里木盆地顺南地区中奥陶统易家坊地层 SB18 断裂带的形成所诱发的构造断裂的发育和发生。将岩心描述和全孔地层微测井所获得的声发射实验结果、力学性质测量结果和构造裂缝发生观测结果,与断层的安德森模型和广泛应用于应力场数值模拟的有限元方法相结合,通过数值模拟研究了古构造和原位应力场。在构造断裂发生、原位应力数值模拟和坐标系转换的基础上,对构造断裂的张开压力和张开顺序进行了定量预测。结果表明,走向滑动断层诱发的断裂带宽度为 ∼310 m,当岩石的杨氏模量、古应力差和古应力差系数升高时,断裂发育程度明显增加。当前的水平主应力与距断层的距离呈正相关,次级断层的高密度导致水平应力方向顺时针偏转。在储层注水开发阶段,方向为 140° 至 150° 的 SSE-striking 剪切裂缝和方向为 -40° 至 -35° 和 55° 至 60° 的两组张裂裂缝优先打开。随着水平应力差、水平应力差系数以及最大水平主应力与裂缝之间夹角的减小,裂缝张开压力也随之减小。在构造高位(埋深 6225 米),裂缝埋深与开启压力分别呈正相关和负相关。对构造裂缝发育特征、张开压力和张开顺序进行定量预测,并研究控制其发育的主要因素,有助于发现和支持碳酸盐岩裂缝储层的油气勘探和开发机会。
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