Response of Male Reproductive System Against Ionizing Radiation and Available Radio-protective Agents: Cellular and Molecular Insight.

IF 17.7 1区化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Accounts of Chemical Research Pub Date : 2024-04-04 DOI:10.2174/0118744710285874240326041025

Ronit Parashar, Sanwar Mal Yadav, Priyadarshi Meena, Raj Kumar, K. Jheeta, Priya Saini, Dev Dutt Patel

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Abstract

BACKGROUND The reproductive organ, housing spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), undergoes ongoing division impacted by the irradiation dosage and exposure duration. Within the male reproductive organ, germ stem cells (spermatogonia) and somatic cells (Sertoli and Leydig cells) are present. Lower doses of ionizing (>4-6 Gy) and non-ionizing radiation (radiofrequency and microwave range 900 MHz - 2.45 GHz) may cause sperm-related issues, while higher doses (15 Gy) may affect Leydig cells and testosterone production. Response to radiation varies with age and pubescence. Spermatogonial stem cells, crucial for regenerating the spermatogenic lineage, express molecular markers like Estrogen receptor, FSH (Follicular Stimulating Hormone) receptor, TLR-4 (Toll-like Receptor-4), TLR-5 (Toll-like Receptor-5), FGF2 (Fibroblast Growth Factor-2), KIT (Receptor Tyrosine Kinase), AT-1 (Angiotensin II Type-1 Receptor), LXRs-γ (Liver X Receptor-γ), TNF-β (Tumor Necrosis Factor-β), and PCNA (Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen), influencing stem cell activity in testes. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to review the various available radioprotective agents and their efficacy in targeting the male reproductive system from the available literature. RESULT Various radioprotective herbal/synthetic/microbial/metallic extracts/formulations/ drugs [Septilin, Silymarin, Organic Turmeric, Oestrogen, Melatonin, Febuxostat, SQGD (Semiquinone glucoside derivative), Rapamycin, Entolimod, Zinc, Selenium, etc.] have been investigated up to exposure, but owing to effectiveness issues, they are unable to fulfil the aim to the fullest of restoring male fertility and normal testosterone levels during such eventuality. CONCLUSION Further study is needed to optimize these tactics and fill knowledge gaps. Also, the effective components of herbal, synthetic drugs, etc., should be isolated and tested up to clinical levels, paving the way for successful radioprotection and radiomitigation strategies in the male reproductive system.

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男性生殖系统对电离辐射和现有辐射防护剂的反应：细胞和分子洞察

背景生殖器官中的精原干细胞（SSC）受辐照剂量和辐照时间的影响而不断分裂。男性生殖器官内存在生殖干细胞（精原细胞）和体细胞（Sertoli 细胞和 Leydig 细胞）。较低剂量的电离辐射（>4-6 Gy）和非电离辐射（射频和微波范围 900 MHz - 2.45 GHz）可能会导致与精子有关的问题，而较高剂量（15 Gy）则可能会影响 Leydig 细胞和睾酮的产生。对辐射的反应随年龄和青春期而变化。精原干细胞对生精系的再生至关重要，其表达的分子标记包括雌激素受体、FSH（卵泡刺激素）受体、TLR-4（Toll 样受体-4）、TLR-5（Toll 样受体-5）、TLR-4（Toll样受体-4）、TLR-5（Toll样受体-5）、FGF2（成纤维细胞生长因子-2）、KIT（受体酪氨酸激酶）、AT-1（血管紧张素II-1型受体）、LXRs-γ（肝脏X受体-γ）、TNF-β（肿瘤坏死因子-β）和PCNA（增殖细胞核抗原），都会影响睾丸干细胞的活性。目的本研究旨在从现有文献中回顾现有的各种放射保护剂及其对男性生殖系统的疗效。结果各种具有辐射防护作用的草药/合成/微生物/金属提取物/制剂/药物[七叶皂苷、水飞蓟素、有机姜黄、雌激素、褪黑素、非布司他、SQGD（半醌葡萄糖苷衍生物）、雷帕霉素、恩托莫德、锌、硒等。结论需要进一步研究以优化这些策略并填补知识空白。此外，还应分离草药、合成药物等的有效成分，并进行临床测试，为成功实施男性生殖系统辐射防护和辐射缓解策略铺平道路。

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来源期刊

Accounts of Chemical Research 化学-化学综合

CiteScore

31.40

自引率

1.10%

发文量

312

审稿时长

2 months

期刊介绍： Accounts of Chemical Research presents short, concise and critical articles offering easy-to-read overviews of basic research and applications in all areas of chemistry and biochemistry. These short reviews focus on research from the author’s own laboratory and are designed to teach the reader about a research project. In addition, Accounts of Chemical Research publishes commentaries that give an informed opinion on a current research problem. Special Issues online are devoted to a single topic of unusual activity and significance. Accounts of Chemical Research replaces the traditional article abstract with an article "Conspectus." These entries synopsize the research affording the reader a closer look at the content and significance of an article. Through this provision of a more detailed description of the article contents, the Conspectus enhances the article's discoverability by search engines and the exposure for the research.