Recent developments in the use of nanocrystals to improve bioavailability of APIs

Yidan Ding, Tongyi Zhao, Jianing Fang, Jiexin Song, Haobo Dong, Jiarui Liu, Sijin Li, Min Zhao
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Abstract

Nanocrystals refer to materials with at least one dimension smaller than 100 nm, composing of atoms arranged in single crystals or polycrystals. Nanocrystals have significant research value as they offer unique advantages over conventional pharmaceutical formulations, such as high bioavailability, enhanced targeting selectivity and controlled release ability and are therefore suitable for the delivery of a wide range of drugs such as insoluble drugs, antitumor drugs and genetic drugs with broad application prospects. In recent years, research on nanocrystals has been progressively refined and new products have been launched or entered the clinical phase of studies. However, issues such as safety and stability still stand that need to be addressed for further development of nanocrystal formulations, and significant gaps do exist in research in various fields in this pharmaceutical arena. This paper presents a systematic overview of the advanced development of nanocrystals, ranging from the preparation approaches of nanocrystals with which the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs is improved, critical properties of nanocrystals and associated characterization techniques, the recent development of nanocrystals with different administration routes, the advantages and associated limitations of nanocrystal formulations, the mechanisms of physical instability, and the enhanced dissolution performance, to the future perspectives, with a final view to shed more light on the future development of nanocrystals as a means of optimizing the bioavailability of drug candidates.

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利用纳米晶体提高原料药生物利用度的最新进展
纳米晶体是指至少有一个尺寸小于 100 纳米的材料,由排列成单晶体或多晶体的原子组成。与传统药物制剂相比,纳米晶体具有生物利用度高、靶向选择性强、控释能力强等独特优势,因此适用于多种药物的给药,如难溶性药物、抗肿瘤药物和基因药物等,具有广阔的应用前景,因而具有重要的研究价值。近年来,纳米晶体的研究逐步完善,新产品已经上市或进入临床研究阶段。然而,纳米晶体制剂的进一步发展仍需解决安全性和稳定性等问题,而且该制药领域各领域的研究也存在很大差距。本文系统地综述了纳米晶体的先进发展,包括提高水溶性差药物生物利用度的纳米晶体制备方法、纳米晶体的关键特性和相关表征技术、不同给药途径纳米晶体的最新发展、纳米晶体制剂的优势和相关局限性、物理不稳定性的机理、溶出性能的提高以及未来展望,最终目的是为纳米晶体作为优化候选药物生物利用度的一种手段的未来发展提供更多启示。
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