Association of soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 with mortality and adverse outcomes in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Background

Early risk stratification is necessary to prevent chronic kidney disease progression and complications. This systematic review aims to evaluate the association of soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2), a member of the interleukin-1 receptor family, with all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease and renal function deterioration among chronic kidney disease patients.

Methods

PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CENTRAL and Google Scholar were systematically searched from inception to December 20, 2023. Cohort studies examining the prognostic role of sST2 levels in pre-dialysis and dialysis patients were included. In case of 3 or more studies per outcome, conventional and dose–response meta-analyses were conducted.

Results

Overall, 21 studies were included comprising 15,100 patients. In pre-dialysis patients, the qualitative synthesis of studies suggested that high sST2 is associated with significantly increased all-cause mortality, while evidence regarding cardiovascular events or kidney disease progression was conflicting. In the dialysis population, high sST2 was linked to an elevated risk of all-cause (Hazard ratio-HR: 3.00, 95% confidence intervals-CI: 1.95–4.61) and cardiovascular (HR: 2.38, 95% CI: 1.69–3.34) mortality. Dose–response meta-analysis suggested a log-linear association of sST2 with both all-cause (χ²: 34.65, p value < 0.001) and cardiovascular (χ²: 29.14, p value < 0.001) mortality, whereas findings regarding cardiovascular events were limited with mixed results.

Conclusions

High sST2 values are associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality in pre-dialysis and dialysis patients, as well as with an elevated risk of cardiovascular mortality in the dialysis population. Further studies are needed to elucidate its potential association with cardiovascular events and kidney disease progression.