Daniele Castellani, Carlo Brocca, Demetra Fuligni, Carlo Giulioni, Angelo Antezza, Angelo Cormio, Arianna Rubino, Lucia Pitoni, Virgilio De Stefano, Giulio Milanese, Luigi Cormio, Bhaskar Kumar Somani, Vineet Gauhar, Andrea Benedetto Galosi
{"title":"Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, ureterolithotripsy, and percutaneous nephrolithotripsy challenges in managing spinal cord neuropathy patients. Lessons learned from a scoping review.","authors":"Daniele Castellani, Carlo Brocca, Demetra Fuligni, Carlo Giulioni, Angelo Antezza, Angelo Cormio, Arianna Rubino, Lucia Pitoni, Virgilio De Stefano, Giulio Milanese, Luigi Cormio, Bhaskar Kumar Somani, Vineet Gauhar, Andrea Benedetto Galosi","doi":"10.5173/ceju.2023.123","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>We aim to review the outcomes of shock wave lithotripsy (SWL), ureteroscopy, and percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) for renal and ureteral stones in spinal cord neuropathy patients (SNP).</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>A literature search was performed on 8<sup>th</sup> March 2023 using PubMed, EMBASE, and Google Scholar with no date limit. Preclinical/animal studies, reviews, letters to the editor, case reports, and meeting abstracts were excluded. Only English papers were accepted.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Thirty-five articles were accepted. Five studies focused on SWL, 17 on PCNL, and 6 on ureteroscopy. The remaining articles employed more than one procedure. Stone composition has shifted from struvite to the more common calcium phosphate. SWL showed a very poor stone-free rate (SFR) likely due to challenges in patient positioning, stone visualization, localization, and inability to pass fragments spontaneously. Flexible ureteroscopy and PCNL were associated with a high incidence of infectious complications, long hospital stays, high blood transfusion rate, and intensive care admissions. There were also cases of death. Both procedures were challenging due to genitourinary reconstruction, scoliosis and kyphosis, rib-cage deformity, lower limb contractures, and severe comorbidity which also affected anesthesia. SFR was lower than in non-neurological patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>SWL, ureterolithotripsy, and PCNL should be considered challenging procedures in SNP due to positioning issues, an increased risk of intra and peri-operative morbidity, and even mortality. Computed tomography should be recommended to assess residual fragments as it becomes imperative to minimize a re-intervention in SNP who should be preferably treated in referral centers.</p>","PeriodicalId":9744,"journal":{"name":"Central European Journal of Urology","volume":"77 1","pages":"89-110"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4000,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11032027/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Central European Journal of Urology","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.5173/ceju.2023.123","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2024/1/11 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"UROLOGY & NEPHROLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Introduction: We aim to review the outcomes of shock wave lithotripsy (SWL), ureteroscopy, and percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) for renal and ureteral stones in spinal cord neuropathy patients (SNP).
Material and methods: A literature search was performed on 8th March 2023 using PubMed, EMBASE, and Google Scholar with no date limit. Preclinical/animal studies, reviews, letters to the editor, case reports, and meeting abstracts were excluded. Only English papers were accepted.
Results: Thirty-five articles were accepted. Five studies focused on SWL, 17 on PCNL, and 6 on ureteroscopy. The remaining articles employed more than one procedure. Stone composition has shifted from struvite to the more common calcium phosphate. SWL showed a very poor stone-free rate (SFR) likely due to challenges in patient positioning, stone visualization, localization, and inability to pass fragments spontaneously. Flexible ureteroscopy and PCNL were associated with a high incidence of infectious complications, long hospital stays, high blood transfusion rate, and intensive care admissions. There were also cases of death. Both procedures were challenging due to genitourinary reconstruction, scoliosis and kyphosis, rib-cage deformity, lower limb contractures, and severe comorbidity which also affected anesthesia. SFR was lower than in non-neurological patients.
Conclusions: SWL, ureterolithotripsy, and PCNL should be considered challenging procedures in SNP due to positioning issues, an increased risk of intra and peri-operative morbidity, and even mortality. Computed tomography should be recommended to assess residual fragments as it becomes imperative to minimize a re-intervention in SNP who should be preferably treated in referral centers.