Epithermal Deposits of Kamchatka, Russia

IF 0.8 4区地球科学 Q3 GEOLOGY Geology of Ore Deposits Pub Date : 2024-03-06 DOI:10.1134/s1075701523070176

N. S. Bortnikov, N. D. Tolstykh

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Abstract

The results of studying the epithermal deposits of Kamchatka, one of the most promising gold-mining provinces of the Russian Federation, are generalized. The deposits are divided into acid–sulfate (Ac-Sul) and adularia–sericite (Ad-Ser) types (Heald et al., 1987). The disadvantages of the scheme, which is the most popular in the English-language literature and is based on the sulfidation state of mineral parageneses in ores (LS, IS, and HS types), are shown. The classification that we proposed includes differences in mineral associations in circum–ore metasomatites, which are determined by the acidity–alkalinity and an oxidation state of mineral-forming fluids, and are clearly diagnosed at the first stages of studying the deposits. Kamchatka epithermal deposits of the Ad-Ser-type are associated with andesite volcanism of the volcanic belts. Gold ore associations are concentrated in quartz, carbonate–quartz, and adularia–quartz veins, as well as in sericitized metasomatites, which are replaced by argillizites and propylites towards the periphery. The Ad-Ser-type is characterized by combination with polysulfide (Pb, Zn) (Amethyst, Kumroch, Vilyuchinskoe deposits), sulfosalt (Ag, Sb, As, Bi, Sn) (Ozernovskoe, Baranyevskoe), and selenide (Ag, Se) (Amethyst, Asachinskoe, Rodnikovoe) assemblages. Low-fineness native gold (220–310‰) is typical of the early polysulfide assemblage. With an increase in the fugacity of Te and Se, the gold fineness increases to 510–740‰, and with the progressive activity of Sb, As and Bi and the formation of sulfosalt associations, it reaches 998‰. The homogenization temperatures of primary fluid inclusions in quartz from gold-bearing associations of the Ad-Ser-type are 260–250°C; the minerals crystallize from solutions containing no more than 3 wt % NaCl eq. Maletoyvayam, the only Ac-Sul-type deposit in Kamchatka, is localized in quartz, secondary quartzites, and alunite–sericite–kaolinite–quartz metasomatites. Gold-bearing parageneses indicate the leading role of selenium in mineral formation, contain high-fineness native gold, sulfoselenotellurides, tellurides, and selenides of Au, which crystallize from acidic fluids with salinity of 1–5 wt % NaCl eq. at temperatures of 290–175°C.

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俄罗斯堪察加半岛的热液矿床

摘要对俄罗斯联邦最有前途的金矿开采省份之一堪察加半岛的热液矿床的研究结果进行了归纳。这些矿床被分为酸-硫酸盐（Ac-Sul）和金刚砂-钠长石（Ad-Ser）类型（Heald 等人，1987 年）。该方案是英文文献中最流行的方案，以矿石（LS、IS 和 HS 类型）中矿物副矿物的硫化状态为基础，其缺点显而易见。我们提出的分类方法包括矿石周围变质岩中矿物组合的差异，这种差异由酸碱度和矿物形成流体的氧化状态决定，在研究矿床的最初阶段就能明确诊断出来。堪察加的 Ad-Ser 型热液矿床与火山带的安山岩火山活动有关。金矿伴生体主要集中在石英、碳酸盐-石英、金刚石-石英矿脉以及绢云母化变质岩中，外围则被芒硝和丙炔岩所取代。Ad-Ser型的特点是与多硫化物（铅、锌）（Amethyst、Kumroch、Vilyuchinskoe矿床）、硫化物（Ag、Sb、As、Bi、Sn）（Ozernovskoe、Baranyevskoe）和硒化物（Ag、Se）（Amethyst、Asachinskoe、Rodnikovoe）组合在一起。低细度原生金（220-310‰）是早期多硫化物集合体的典型特征。随着 Te 和 Se 的富集度提高，金的细度增加到 510-740‰，随着 Sb、As 和 Bi 的逐渐活跃以及硫盐酸盐群的形成，金的细度达到 998‰。Ad-Ser 型含金伴生体石英中原生流体包裹体的同质化温度为 260-250°C；矿物从氯化钠当量不超过 3 wt % 的溶液中结晶。Maletoyvayam 是堪察加半岛唯一的 Ac-Sul 型矿床，位于石英、次生石英岩和褐铁矿-绿泥石-石英变质岩中。含金副成岩表明硒在矿物形成过程中起着主导作用，含有高细度的原生金、硫硒化金、碲化金和硒化金，它们是从盐度为 1-5 wt % 的氯化钠当量、温度为 290-175°C 的酸性流体中结晶出来的。

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来源期刊

Geology of Ore Deposits 地学-地质学

CiteScore

1.10

自引率

14.30%

发文量

审稿时长

6-12 weeks

期刊介绍： Geology of Ore Deposits is a periodical covering the topic of metallic and nonmetallic mineral deposits, their formation conditions, and spatial and temporal distribution. The journal publishes original scientific articles and reviews on a wide range of problems in theoretical and applied geology. The journal focuses on the following problems: deep geological structure and geodynamic environment of ore formation; distribution pattern of metallogenic zones and mineral deposits; geology and formation environment of large and unique metallic and nonmetallic deposits; mineralogy of metallic and nonmetallic deposits; physicochemical and isotopic characteristics and geochemical environment of ore deposition; evolution of ore-forming systems; radiogeology and radioecology, economic problems in exploring, developing, and mining of ore commodities.