Importance of basement faulting and salt decoupling for the structural evolution of the Fars Arc, Zagros fold-and-thrust belt: A numerical modeling approach

IF 3.2 2区 地球科学 Q1 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Solid Earth Pub Date : 2024-05-14 DOI:10.5194/egusphere-2024-1123
Fatemeh Gomar, Jonas Bruno Ruh, Mahdi Najafi, Farhad Sobouti
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Abstract

Abstract. Understanding the tectonic evolution and crustal-scale structure of fold-thrust belts is crucial for exploring geological resources and evaluating seismic hazards. We conducted a series of finite-difference two-dimensional thermo-mechanical numerical models with visco-elasto-plastic/brittle rheology to decipher how the interaction of inherited basement faults and salt décollement levels control the deformation process and structural style of the Fars Arc in the Zagros fold -thrust belt, during tectonic inversion. Results indicate that initial rifting is controlled by the geometry of inherited faults. During the convergence phase, fold-and-thrust belts display folding at two scales: large wavelength folds induced by basement deformation in the form of fault-propagation faults, and small wavelength folds and thrust systems emerge above the salt layer as detachment folds. Reactivated faults can serve as pathways for stress transfer, resulting in the emergence of new faults and thus seismic activity. The tectonic events in orogenic belts like the Zagros do not adhere to a fixed pattern; they are shaped by factors such as the properties of basement rocks and the orientation of faults. Shallow earthquakes predominantly occur along décollement anticlines, while deeper and larger ones are associated with basement faults. Additionally, we observe variations in resistance to deformation based on salt rheology and fault geometry, with listric faults minimizing resistance. The degree of basement involvement in deformation directly influences the model's resistance, with greater involvement facilitating easier deformation. Our results showing the temporal-spatial relationship between thin- and thick-skinned tectonics can work as an analogue for similar orogenic belts worldwide, such as Taiwan, the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Appalachians, and the Kopet Dagh.
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基底断层和盐分脱钩对扎格罗斯褶皱-推力带法尔斯弧的结构演变的重要性:数值建模方法
摘要。了解褶皱推覆带的构造演化和地壳尺度结构对于勘探地质资源和评估地震灾害至关重要。我们采用粘弹性/脆性流变学方法,建立了一系列有限差分二维热力-力学数值模型,以破解在构造反演过程中,基底继承断层和盐溶层的相互作用如何控制扎格罗斯褶皱-推覆带法尔斯弧的变形过程和构造样式。研究结果表明,最初的断裂由继承断层的几何形状控制。在汇聚阶段,褶皱-推力带显示出两种规模的褶皱:由基底变形诱发的大波长褶皱以断层扩展断层的形式出现,而小波长褶皱和推力系统则以脱离褶皱的形式出现在盐层之上。重新激活的断层可作为应力传递的途径,导致新断层的出现,从而引起地震活动。扎格罗斯等造山带的构造活动并不固定,而是受基底岩石性质和断层走向等因素的影响。浅层地震主要沿着地壳反褶发生,而较深和较大的地震则与基底断层有关。此外,我们还观察到根据盐的流变性和断层的几何形状,变形阻力也会发生变化,其中列状断层的阻力最小。基底参与变形的程度直接影响模型的阻力,参与程度越高,变形越容易。我们的研究结果表明了薄皮构造和厚皮构造之间的时空关系,可以作为全球类似造山带的类比,如台湾、比利牛斯山脉、阿尔卑斯山脉、阿巴拉契亚山脉和科佩特达赫山脉。
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来源期刊
Solid Earth
Solid Earth GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS-
CiteScore
6.90
自引率
8.80%
发文量
78
审稿时长
4.5 months
期刊介绍: Solid Earth (SE) is a not-for-profit journal that publishes multidisciplinary research on the composition, structure, dynamics of the Earth from the surface to the deep interior at all spatial and temporal scales. The journal invites contributions encompassing observational, experimental, and theoretical investigations in the form of short communications, research articles, method articles, review articles, and discussion and commentaries on all aspects of the solid Earth (for details see manuscript types). Being interdisciplinary in scope, SE covers the following disciplines: geochemistry, mineralogy, petrology, volcanology; geodesy and gravity; geodynamics: numerical and analogue modeling of geoprocesses; geoelectrics and electromagnetics; geomagnetism; geomorphology, morphotectonics, and paleoseismology; rock physics; seismics and seismology; critical zone science (Earth''s permeable near-surface layer); stratigraphy, sedimentology, and palaeontology; rock deformation, structural geology, and tectonics.
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