Performance Evaluation and Modification Mechanism of Red Clay Treated with Lignosulfonate

Abstract

Red clay exhibits characteristics such as softening owing to water absorption and cracking because of water loss, which can lead to slope instability, road cracking, and compromised structural integrity when used directly in roadbed filling. Although the addition of industrial materials such as cement is a common engineering treatment, it severely impairs soil renewability. Lignosulfonate (LS) extracted from paper plant waste fluids is a natural bio-based polymer with promising applications as a soil improver. In this study, the boundary moisture content and mechanical properties of LS-treated red clay were investigated using Atterberg, unconfined compressive strength, and direct shear strength tests. Additionally, the LS-treated red clay modification mechanism was explored at multiple scales using zeta potential analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results indicated that the LS dosage significantly affected both the water content and mechanical strength of the red clay boundaries. The optimal dosage of LS for red clay was 3 wt. %, at which the liquid limit was reduced by 32.97%, the plastic limit by 19.33%, and the plasticity index by 48.37%. The 28-day compressive strength of LS-treated red clay was increased by 378.4%, and the direct shear strength was increased by 136%. Analysis of the microstructure and mineral composition revealed that the LS-treated red clay did not form new minerals, but primarily filled pores and connected soil particles. Through the combined effects of hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, and cation exchange, the LS-treated red clay reduced the size of the mineral particles and the thickness of the mineral double electric layer, resulting in increased structural densification. These results are of great scientific significance for the ecological modification of soils.

Graphical Abstract