Anticancer Effects of the Trivalent Organoarsenical 2-Amino-4-(dihydroxyarsinoyl) Butanoate

Abstract

According to the National Cancer Institute, breast cancer is a leading cause of death in women. The lack of progesterone and estrogen receptors in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells results in a lack of response to hormonal, monoclonal, or tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapies. Despite intensive drug discovery, there is still no approved targeted treatment for TNBC. The metalloid arsenic has been used in herbal medicines, antibiotics, and chemotherapeutic drugs for centuries. This paper demonstrates that a trivalent arsenic-containing, nonproteogenic amino acid, R-AST–OH (2-amino-4-(dihydroxyarsinoyl) butanoate), inhibits kidney-type glutaminase (KGA), the enzyme that controls glutamine metabolism and is correlated with tumor malignancy. Cell-based assays using the TNBC MDA-MB-231 and HCC1569 cell lines showed that R-AST–OH kills TNBC cells and is not cytotoxic to a control cell line. The results of in silico molecular docking predictions indicate that R-AST–OH binds to the glutamine binding site and forms a covalent bond with an active site cysteine residue. We hypothesize that R-AST–OH is a single warhead for KGA that irreversibly binds to KGA through the formation of an As–S bond. We propose that R-AST–OH is a promising lead compound for the design of new drugs for the treatment of TNBC.