Acidification in cement paste in which clinker is partially replaced with limestone or silica

Abstract

This paper examines the acid resistance of cement pastes where a portion of the cement clinker is replaced with limestone (LS or calcium carbonate, CaCO₃) or ground silica (GS). Specifically, the work is intended to better understand the acid resistance of ASTM C595 IL cement as compared with ASTM C150 cement. The performance of OPC, OPC + GS, and OPC + LS systems were tested in sulfuric acid baths where the pH was held constant at 2.0 and 3.0 using an automated setup that uses titration to add acid. The degradation of the cement paste was measured as a function of time. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to quantify changes in the calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) and calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) contents of the paste. In addition, the flexural strength of the cement paste specimens was measured. Results indicate that the dissolved sulfate and calcium concentrations due to acidification were not noticeably different for the OPC + GS and OPC + LS mixtures exposed to the same pH. However, as expected, differences were observed between the samples immersed in the solution of pH∼2 and pH∼3 sulfuric acid with the lower pH corresponding to more severe deterioration. TGA results showed that Ca(OH)₂ is more susceptible to acid attack than limestone as evidenced by the larger Ca(OH)₂ and sulfuric acid consumption in samples immersed at pH∼2. The additional acid consumption that is beyond the consumption of Ca(OH)₂ can be explained by the acid attack of other hydration products such as CSH and unreacted cement phases. This results in a significant B3B flexural strength loss for the samples immersed in a pH∼2 as compared to those in the pH∼3 solution. The results demonstrated that the performance of ASTM C595 IL cements was promising and comparable with ASTM C150 cements.