Intraspecific variation in the functional response of an invasive crayfish under different temperatures

Abstract

Non-native species can react to changes to their thermal environment by altering their feeding behaviour, thereby potentially causing shifts in predator-prey dynamics and competitive dominance over native species. In this study, we measured intraspecific variation in the functional response (i.e., predation rate as a function of prey density) of the rusty crayfish Faxonius rusticus (Girard, 1852) at two temperatures (18˚C and 26˚C) in the laboratory. We compared six invasive populations spanning a 2˚ latitudinal gradient in eastern North America, to test the prediction that under warmer conditions individuals from more southerly populations exhibit a higher functional response than those from northern populations. Temperature, latitude, and the interaction between these two variables had significant effects on attack rates and handling times of individual crayfish from the tested populations. Contrary to our prediction, the attack rates of individuals from northern populations were consistently higher than those from southern populations at both temperatures. We propose that these interpopulation differences in functional response could arise, at least in part, from countergradient selection. Our results suggest that climate warming promotes spatiotemporal variation in per capita effects across latitudinally distributed populations of aquatic invasive species.