Unveiling the spectrum of cardiac disease complicating pregnancy: A comprehensive exploration of maternal and fetal outcomes

Abstract

Cardiac diseases pose a significant non-obstetrical threat to maternal well-being during pregnancy, contributing to nearly 10% of maternal mortality. The intersection of pregnancy and cardiac disease presents a complex scenario, affecting approximately 1-3% of pregnancies. Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) remains a prevalent issue in developing countries, while advancements in pediatric cardiology have increased survival rates for congenital heart disease. This exploration aims to comprehensively understand the impact of cardiac diseases on maternal and fetal outcomes during pregnancy.A prospective observational study conducted over 1 year and 6 months included 40 pregnant women with cardiovascular disease. Antenatal investigations, electrocardiogram, and echocardiography were performed. Maternal and fetal outcomes were assessed, and data were presented as descriptive statistics. The study revealed a 2.07% prevalence of cardiac disease in 1926 deliveries, with a mean age of 24±4 years. Cesarean section was the predominant mode of delivery (70%). Most cases had NYHA grade I disease (80%). Maternal outcomes were uneventful in 88%, and only 12% had ICU admission. Complications due to cardiac disease were observed in 17.5% of participants. Neonatal outcomes included NICU admission (25%), low birth weight (22.5%), and preterm birth (20%).Cardiovascular complications in pregnancy affect up to 4% of cases. The prevalence in this study aligns with existing literature. Rheumatic heart disease and congenital heart disease were predominant, consistent with global trends. Maternal and perinatal outcomes were favorable in NYHA grades I and II, emphasizing the importance of early intervention and healthcare accessibility.Cardiac disease is a substantial risk factor for maternal mortality during pregnancy. The study highlights the dual risk of balancing maternal well-being and fetal development. Prevalence, complications, and outcomes underscore the significance of pre-pregnancy counseling, early detection, and multidisciplinary management for optimal pregnancy outcomes.