Tangent hyperbolic nanofluid flow through a vertical cone: Unraveling thermal conductivity and Darcy–Forchheimer effects

Abstract

Purpose: This paper demonstrates the way tangent hyperbolic nanofluid flow through a vertical cone is influenced by varying viscosity and varying thermal conductivity. This study also seeks to illustrate the impact of convective boundary conditions on a fluid. The mathematical modeling also takes the Darcy–Forchheimer effect into account. Methodology: Using the appropriate similarity transformation, the fluid problem is reduced into a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. These systems of differential equations are evaluated numerically by applying the Optimal Homotopy Asymptotic Method. Findings: The nature of emergent parameters is examined in relation to the temperature distribution, nanoparticle concentration profile, and velocity profile. An increase in variable viscosity corresponds to a decrease in fluid velocity, while enhanced thermal conductivity results in elevated fluid temperature. The skin friction coefficient, Sherwood, and Nusselt numbers are numerically examined for active concerned parameters. These findings can be put into practice in a variety of fields such as polymer cooling systems and medication. Originality: Existing literature has yet to explore the combination of tangent hyperbolic nanofluids with varying viscosity and thermal conductivity under convective boundary conditions.