{"title":"An Examination of Bronze Vessel Technology in the Unified Silla Period: Case Study on the Bronzes Excavated from Gwanbuk-ri Site in Buyeo","authors":"So Jin Kim, Woo Rin Han, Young Do Kim","doi":"10.3365/kjmm.2024.62.5.393","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Archaeological excavations in Buyeo had revealed Bronze vessels interred within a hole in the building at the Gwanbuk-ri site. These bronze vessels are dated to the Unified silla period (9-10th centuries). To identify the bronze vessels’ manufacturing technology, metallurgical analyses were carried out using Optical Microscopy, SEM-EDS and EPMA. The results allowed a reconstruction of the manufacturing process of bronze vessels in the Unified silla. It proved that bronze vessels were manufactured with Cu-Sn alloy with varying tin contents, which may be related to the application of uncontrolled procedures in making the bronze alloys. Also a casting process was used to shape the bronze vessels and the strength and hardness of the container were improved through a quenching process. Twins were observed in one of the samples, so it was assumed that hot working had been attempted. Non-metallic inclusions in bronze vessels have circular or polygonal shapes, and Cu and S were detected. The presence of Cu-S inclusions showed the probable use of copper sulphide ores for metal production and smelting. Se and Te in the inclusions of the bronze vessels show that the copper ore is different. From the results of metallurgical analyses of bronze vessels excavated from other regions of the same era, casting and quenching treatments were confirmed, and the sequential relationship of the technological system was revealed.","PeriodicalId":17894,"journal":{"name":"Korean Journal of Metals and Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1000,"publicationDate":"2024-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Korean Journal of Metals and Materials","FirstCategoryId":"88","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2024.62.5.393","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q4","JCRName":"MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Archaeological excavations in Buyeo had revealed Bronze vessels interred within a hole in the building at the Gwanbuk-ri site. These bronze vessels are dated to the Unified silla period (9-10th centuries). To identify the bronze vessels’ manufacturing technology, metallurgical analyses were carried out using Optical Microscopy, SEM-EDS and EPMA. The results allowed a reconstruction of the manufacturing process of bronze vessels in the Unified silla. It proved that bronze vessels were manufactured with Cu-Sn alloy with varying tin contents, which may be related to the application of uncontrolled procedures in making the bronze alloys. Also a casting process was used to shape the bronze vessels and the strength and hardness of the container were improved through a quenching process. Twins were observed in one of the samples, so it was assumed that hot working had been attempted. Non-metallic inclusions in bronze vessels have circular or polygonal shapes, and Cu and S were detected. The presence of Cu-S inclusions showed the probable use of copper sulphide ores for metal production and smelting. Se and Te in the inclusions of the bronze vessels show that the copper ore is different. From the results of metallurgical analyses of bronze vessels excavated from other regions of the same era, casting and quenching treatments were confirmed, and the sequential relationship of the technological system was revealed.
在扶餘进行的考古发掘中,发现了埋藏在观北里遗址建筑孔洞中的青铜器。这些青铜器的年代为统一新罗时期(9-10 世纪)。为了确定青铜器的制造技术,使用光学显微镜、扫描电镜-电子显微镜和 EPMA 进行了冶金分析。分析结果有助于重建统一新罗时期青铜器的制造过程。结果表明,青铜器是用含锡量不同的铜锡合金制造的,这可能与制造青铜合金时采用了不受控的程序有关。此外,青铜器还采用了铸造工艺,并通过淬火工艺提高了容器的强度和硬度。在其中一个样品中观察到了孪晶,因此推测曾尝试过热加工。青铜容器中的非金属夹杂物呈圆形或多边形,并检测到铜和 S。Cu-S夹杂物的存在表明可能使用了硫化铜矿石进行金属生产和冶炼。青铜器夹杂物中的 Se 和 Te 表明铜矿石是不同的。从同一时代其他地区出土的青铜器的冶金分析结果来看,铸造和淬火处理得到了证实,并揭示了工艺系统的先后关系。
期刊介绍:
The Korean Journal of Metals and Materials is a representative Korean-language journal of the Korean Institute of Metals and Materials (KIM); it publishes domestic and foreign academic papers related to metals and materials, in abroad range of fields from metals and materials to nano-materials, biomaterials, functional materials, energy materials, and new materials, and its official ISO designation is Korean J. Met. Mater.