Insights into the function and regulation of the calcium-activated chloride channel TMEM16A

Abstract

The TMEM16A channel, a member of the TMEM16 protein family comprising chloride (Cl⁻) channels and lipid scramblases, is activated by the free intracellular Ca²⁺ increments produced by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)-induced Ca²⁺ release after GqPCRs or Ca²⁺ entry through cationic channels. It is a ubiquitous transmembrane protein that participates in multiple physiological functions essential to mammals' lives. TMEM16A structure contains two identical 10-segment monomers joined at their transmembrane segment 10. Each monomer harbours one independent hourglass-shaped pore gated by Ca²⁺ ligation to an orthosteric site adjacent to the pore and controlled by two gates. The orthosteric site is created by assembling negatively charged glutamate side chains near the pore´s cytosolic end. When empty, this site generates an electrostatic barrier that controls channel rectification. In addition, an isoleucine-triad forms a hydrophobic gate at the boundary of the cytosolic vestibule and the inner side of the neck. When the cytosolic Ca²⁺ rises, one or two Ca²⁺ ions bind to the orthosteric site in a voltage (V)-dependent manner, thus neutralising the electrostatic barrier and triggering an allosteric gating mechanism propagating via transmembrane segment 6 to the hydrophobic gate. These coordinated events lead to pore opening, allowing the Cl⁻ flux to ensure the physiological response. The Ca²⁺-dependent function of TMEM16A is highly regulated. Anions with higher permeability than Cl⁻ facilitate V dependence by increasing the Ca²⁺ sensitivity, intracellular protons can replace Ca²⁺ and induce channel opening, and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate bound to four cytosolic sites likely maintains Ca²⁺ sensitivity. Additional regulation is afforded by cytosolic proteins, most likely by phosphorylation and protein-protein interaction mechanisms.