T cells in obesity-associated inflammation: The devil is in the details

IF 7.5 2区 医学 Q1 IMMUNOLOGY Immunological Reviews Pub Date : 2024-05-20 DOI:10.1111/imr.13354
Yolander Valentine, Barbara S. Nikolajczyk
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Abstract

Obesity presents a significant health challenge, affecting 41% of adults and 19.7% of children in the United States. One of the associated health challenges of obesity is chronic low-grade inflammation. In both mice and humans, T cells in circulation and in the adipose tissue play a pivotal role in obesity-associated inflammation. Changes in the numbers and frequency of specific CD4+ Th subsets and their contribution to inflammation through cytokine production indicate declining metabolic health, that is, insulin resistance and T2D. While some Th subset alterations are consistent between mice and humans with obesity, some changes mainly characterize male mice, whereas female mice often resist obesity and inflammation. However, protection from obesity and inflammation is not observed in human females, who can develop obesity-related T-cell inflammation akin to males. The decline in female sex hormones after menopause is also implicated in promoting obesity and inflammation. Age is a second underappreciated factor for defining and regulating obesity-associated inflammation toward translating basic science findings to the clinic. Weight loss in mice and humans, in parallel with these other factors, does not resolve obesity-associated inflammation. Instead, inflammation persists amid modest changes in CD4+ T cell frequencies, highlighting the need for further research into resolving changes in T-cell function after weight loss. How lingering inflammation after weight loss affecting the common struggle to maintain lower weight is unknown. Semaglutide, a newly popular pharmaceutical used for treating T2D and reversing obesity, holds promise for alleviating obesity-associated health complications, yet its impact on T-cell-mediated inflammation remains unexplored. Further work in this area could significantly contribute to the scientific understanding of the impacts of weight loss and sex/hormones in obesity and obesity-associated metabolic decline.

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肥胖相关炎症中的 T 细胞:细节决定成败
肥胖症是一项重大的健康挑战,影响着美国 41% 的成年人和 19.7% 的儿童。肥胖带来的健康挑战之一是慢性低度炎症。在小鼠和人类中,血液循环和脂肪组织中的 T 细胞在肥胖相关炎症中发挥着关键作用。特定 CD4+ Th 亚群数量和频率的变化以及它们通过产生细胞因子对炎症的贡献表明代谢健康状况在下降,即胰岛素抵抗和 T2D。虽然某些 Th 亚群的改变在肥胖小鼠和人类之间是一致的,但某些改变主要是雄性小鼠的特征,而雌性小鼠通常能抵抗肥胖和炎症。然而,在人类雌性动物身上却没有观察到免受肥胖和炎症影响的保护,她们也会像雄性动物一样患上与肥胖相关的 T 细胞炎症。更年期后女性性激素的减少也与肥胖和炎症有关。年龄是确定和调节肥胖相关炎症的第二个未被重视的因素,有助于将基础科学研究成果转化为临床研究成果。小鼠和人类的体重减轻与这些其他因素并存,并不能解决肥胖相关炎症。相反,在 CD4+ T 细胞频率发生适度变化的同时,炎症依然存在,这突出表明有必要进一步研究如何解决减肥后 T 细胞功能的变化。目前还不清楚减肥后挥之不去的炎症如何影响维持较低体重的共同斗争。塞马鲁肽是一种新近流行的用于治疗T2D和逆转肥胖症的药物,有望缓解与肥胖相关的健康并发症,但它对T细胞介导的炎症的影响仍有待探索。在这一领域的进一步研究将大大有助于科学界了解减肥和性/荷尔蒙对肥胖和肥胖相关代谢衰退的影响。
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来源期刊
Immunological Reviews
Immunological Reviews 医学-免疫学
CiteScore
16.20
自引率
1.10%
发文量
118
审稿时长
4-8 weeks
期刊介绍: Immunological Reviews is a specialized journal that focuses on various aspects of immunological research. It encompasses a wide range of topics, such as clinical immunology, experimental immunology, and investigations related to allergy and the immune system. The journal follows a unique approach where each volume is dedicated solely to a specific area of immunological research. However, collectively, these volumes aim to offer an extensive and up-to-date overview of the latest advancements in basic immunology and their practical implications in clinical settings.
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