Trends in the nonmedical misuse of benzodiazepines and Z-hypnotics among school-aged adolescents (2016–2021): gender differences and related factors

IF 6.8 3区医学 Q1 PEDIATRICS Child and Adolescent Mental Health Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI:10.1111/camh.12716

Pilar Carrasco-Garrido, Valentín Hernández-Barrera, Isabel Jiménez-Trujillo, Lidiane Lima Florencio, Carmen Gallardo Pino, Spencer Yeamans, Domingo Palacios-Ceña

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Abstract

Background

The misuse of psychotropic medication has increased during the past decade, especially among adolescents. The aim of our study was to describe the prevalence and patterns of the nonmedical use of benzodiazepines (BDZ) and Z-hypnotics among school-aged adolescents through the lens of sex. In addition, we sought to analyze the temporal evolution of the nonmedical use of these drugs during the period 2016–2021.

Methods

The temporal evolution of the nonmedical use of these drugs was analyzed based on survey data collected in 2016, 2018 and 2021, which includes the first years of the COVID-19 pandemic. To assess the possible effect of the COVID-19 pandemic, the year at survey was conducted was introduced as a categorical variable. We used data from the Spanish State Survey on Drug Use in Secondary Education, which covers drug use among students aged 14–18 years. Using multivariate logistic regression models, we estimated the independent effect of different variables (sociodemographic data, use of other psychoactive substances, risk perception and availability) on the nonmedical use of BDZ and Z-hypnotics.

Results

In total, survey data from 95,700 adolescents were included in our analysis. The nonmedical use of BDZ and Z-hypnotics increased among adolescents during the study period. The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) from 2016 to 2018 was 1.11 (95% CI 0.94–1.31) and from 2018 to 2021 the AOR was 1.26 (95% CI 1.08–1.46), using 2016 and 2018, respectively, as reference years. The nonmedical use of BDZ and Z-hypnotics was more likely in adolescent girls than boys (AOR = 2.11). The nonmedical use of prescription opioids (AOR = 3.44), novel psychoactive substances and other illicit psychoactive drugs (AOR = 4.10) were risk factors for the nonmedical use of BDZ and Z-hypnotics in both sexes. Use of cannabis (AOR = 1.38) was a predictor of nonmedical use in female adolescents only.

Conclusions

This study shows that the trend of the nonmedical use of BDZ and Z-hypnotics among school-aged adolescents in Spain increased between 2016 and 2021. Among adolescents aged 14 to 18, the probability of nonmedical use of these psychoactive substances was twice as high for female adolescents as for male adolescents.

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学龄青少年非医疗滥用苯二氮卓和 Z-催眠药的趋势（2016-2021 年）：性别差异及相关因素。

背景：在过去十年中，滥用精神药物的现象有所增加，尤其是在青少年中。我们的研究旨在通过性别视角，描述学龄青少年非医疗使用苯二氮卓（BDZ）和Z-催眠药的流行程度和模式。此外，我们还试图分析 2016-2021 年期间这些药物非医疗使用的时间演变情况：我们根据 2016 年、2018 年和 2021 年收集的调查数据分析了这些药物非医疗使用的时间演变，其中包括 COVID-19 大流行的最初几年。为了评估 COVID-19 大流行可能产生的影响，我们将调查年份作为一个分类变量。我们使用的数据来自西班牙中等教育阶段毒品使用情况国家调查（Spanish State Survey on Drug Use in Secondary Education），该调查涵盖了 14-18 岁学生的毒品使用情况。通过多变量逻辑回归模型，我们估算了不同变量（社会人口学数据、使用其他精神活性物质、风险认知和可获得性）对非医疗使用 BDZ 和 Z-催眠药的独立影响：共有 95 700 名青少年的调查数据纳入了我们的分析。在研究期间，青少年非医疗使用 BDZ 和 Z-催眠药的情况有所增加。以2016年和2018年为参照年，2016年至2018年的调整后几率比（AOR）为1.11（95% CI 0.94-1.31），2018年至2021年的调整后几率比（AOR）为1.26（95% CI 1.08-1.46）。青春期女孩非医疗使用 BDZ 和 Z-hypnotics 的可能性高于男孩（AOR = 2.11）。非医疗使用处方类阿片（AOR = 3.44）、新型精神活性物质和其他非法精神活性药物（AOR = 4.10）是男女青少年非医疗使用BDZ和Z-催眠药的风险因素。使用大麻（AOR = 1.38）仅是女性青少年非医疗使用的预测因素：这项研究表明，2016 年至 2021 年期间，西班牙学龄青少年非医疗使用 BDZ 和 Z-催眠药的趋势有所上升。在14至18岁的青少年中，女性青少年非医疗使用这些精神活性物质的概率是男性青少年的两倍。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Child and Adolescent Mental Health PEDIATRICS-PSYCHIATRY

CiteScore

8.30

自引率

3.30%

发文量

审稿时长

>12 weeks

期刊介绍： Child and Adolescent Mental Health (CAMH) publishes high quality, peer-reviewed child and adolescent mental health services research of relevance to academics, clinicians and commissioners internationally. The journal''s principal aim is to foster evidence-based clinical practice and clinically orientated research among clinicians and health services researchers working with children and adolescents, parents and their families in relation to or with a particular interest in mental health. CAMH publishes reviews, original articles, and pilot reports of innovative approaches, interventions, clinical methods and service developments. The journal has regular sections on Measurement Issues, Innovations in Practice, Global Child Mental Health and Humanities. All published papers should be of direct relevance to mental health practitioners and clearly draw out clinical implications for the field.