LHC Upgrades in preparation of Run 3

IF 17.7 1区化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Accounts of Chemical Research Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI:10.1088/1748-0221/19/05/p05061

G. Arduini, V. Baglin, H. Bartosik, L. Bottura, C. Bracco, B. Bradu, G. Bregliozzi, K. Brodzinski, R. Bruce, M. Calviani, P. Chiggiato, P. Cruikshank, S. Claudet, D. Delikaris, S. Fartoukh, C. Garion, M. Himmerlich, M. Hostettler, G. Iadarola, S. Kostoglou, S. Le Naour, A. Lechner, T. Lefevre, L. Mether, Yannis Panagiotis Papaphilippou, V. Petit, M. Pojer, A. Poyet, S. Redaelli, F. Rodriguez Mateos, G. Rumolo, B. Salvant, F. Sanchez Galan, A. Siemko, M. Solfaroli-Camillocci, G. Sterbini, M. Taborelli, L. Tavian, H. Timko, J.-Ph. Tock, A. Verweij, M. Wendt, J. Wenninger, D. Wollmann, C. Yin Vallgren

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Abstract

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Long Shutdown 2 (2019–2021), following LHC Run 2, was primarily dedicated to the upgrade of the LHC Injectors but it included also a signiﬁcant amount of activities aimed at consolidation of the LHC machine components, removal of known limitations and initial upgrades in view of the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) to favour the intensity ramp-up during Run 3 (2022–2025). An overview of the major modifications to the accelerator and its systems is followed by a summary of the results of the superconducting magnet training campaign to increase the LHC operation energy beyond the maximum value of 6.5 TeV reached during Run 2. The LHC configuration and the scenarios for proton and ion operation for Run 3 are presented considering the expected performance of the upgraded LHC Injectors and the proton beam intensity limitations resulting from the heat load on the cryogenic system due to beam-induced electron cloud and impedance.

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升级大型强子对撞机，为运行 3 做准备

大型强子对撞机（LHC）第2次长期停机（2019-2021年）是在大型强子对撞机第2次运行之后进行的，主要用于升级大型强子对撞机的注入器，但其中也包括大量旨在巩固大型强子对撞机机器组件、消除已知限制以及为高亮度大型强子对撞机（HL-LHC）进行初步升级的活动，以便在第3次运行（2022-2025年）期间提高强度。在概述了对加速器及其系统的主要修改之后，还总结了超导磁体培训活动的结果，以提高大型强子对撞机的运行能量，使其超过运行2期间达到的最大值6.5 TeV。考虑到升级后的大型强子对撞机注入器的预期性能，以及由于束流引起的电子云和阻抗对低温系统造成的热负荷而导致的质子束强度限制，介绍了大型强子对撞机的配置以及运行 3 的质子和离子运行方案。

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来源期刊

Accounts of Chemical Research 化学-化学综合

CiteScore

31.40

自引率

1.10%

发文量

312

审稿时长

2 months

期刊介绍： Accounts of Chemical Research presents short, concise and critical articles offering easy-to-read overviews of basic research and applications in all areas of chemistry and biochemistry. These short reviews focus on research from the author’s own laboratory and are designed to teach the reader about a research project. In addition, Accounts of Chemical Research publishes commentaries that give an informed opinion on a current research problem. Special Issues online are devoted to a single topic of unusual activity and significance. Accounts of Chemical Research replaces the traditional article abstract with an article "Conspectus." These entries synopsize the research affording the reader a closer look at the content and significance of an article. Through this provision of a more detailed description of the article contents, the Conspectus enhances the article's discoverability by search engines and the exposure for the research.