LHC Upgrades in preparation of Run 3

IF 1.3 4区工程技术 Q3 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION Journal of Instrumentation Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI:10.1088/1748-0221/19/05/p05061

G. Arduini, V. Baglin, H. Bartosik, L. Bottura, C. Bracco, B. Bradu, G. Bregliozzi, K. Brodzinski, R. Bruce, M. Calviani, P. Chiggiato, P. Cruikshank, S. Claudet, D. Delikaris, S. Fartoukh, C. Garion, M. Himmerlich, M. Hostettler, G. Iadarola, S. Kostoglou, S. Le Naour, A. Lechner, T. Lefevre, L. Mether, Yannis Panagiotis Papaphilippou, V. Petit, M. Pojer, A. Poyet, S. Redaelli, F. Rodriguez Mateos, G. Rumolo, B. Salvant, F. Sanchez Galan, A. Siemko, M. Solfaroli-Camillocci, G. Sterbini, M. Taborelli, L. Tavian, H. Timko, J.-Ph. Tock, A. Verweij, M. Wendt, J. Wenninger, D. Wollmann, C. Yin Vallgren

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Abstract

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Long Shutdown 2 (2019–2021), following LHC Run 2, was primarily dedicated to the upgrade of the LHC Injectors but it included also a signiﬁcant amount of activities aimed at consolidation of the LHC machine components, removal of known limitations and initial upgrades in view of the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) to favour the intensity ramp-up during Run 3 (2022–2025). An overview of the major modifications to the accelerator and its systems is followed by a summary of the results of the superconducting magnet training campaign to increase the LHC operation energy beyond the maximum value of 6.5 TeV reached during Run 2. The LHC configuration and the scenarios for proton and ion operation for Run 3 are presented considering the expected performance of the upgraded LHC Injectors and the proton beam intensity limitations resulting from the heat load on the cryogenic system due to beam-induced electron cloud and impedance.

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升级大型强子对撞机，为运行 3 做准备

大型强子对撞机（LHC）第2次长期停机（2019-2021年）是在大型强子对撞机第2次运行之后进行的，主要用于升级大型强子对撞机的注入器，但其中也包括大量旨在巩固大型强子对撞机机器组件、消除已知限制以及为高亮度大型强子对撞机（HL-LHC）进行初步升级的活动，以便在第3次运行（2022-2025年）期间提高强度。在概述了对加速器及其系统的主要修改之后，还总结了超导磁体培训活动的结果，以提高大型强子对撞机的运行能量，使其超过运行2期间达到的最大值6.5 TeV。考虑到升级后的大型强子对撞机注入器的预期性能，以及由于束流引起的电子云和阻抗对低温系统造成的热负荷而导致的质子束强度限制，介绍了大型强子对撞机的配置以及运行 3 的质子和离子运行方案。

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来源期刊

Journal of Instrumentation 工程技术-仪器仪表

CiteScore

2.40

自引率

15.40%

发文量

827

审稿时长

7.5 months

期刊介绍： Journal of Instrumentation (JINST) covers major areas related to concepts and instrumentation in detector physics, accelerator science and associated experimental methods and techniques, theory, modelling and simulations. The main subject areas include. -Accelerators: concepts, modelling, simulations and sources- Instrumentation and hardware for accelerators: particles, synchrotron radiation, neutrons- Detector physics: concepts, processes, methods, modelling and simulations- Detectors, apparatus and methods for particle, astroparticle, nuclear, atomic, and molecular physics- Instrumentation and methods for plasma research- Methods and apparatus for astronomy and astrophysics- Detectors, methods and apparatus for biomedical applications, life sciences and material research- Instrumentation and techniques for medical imaging, diagnostics and therapy- Instrumentation and techniques for dosimetry, monitoring and radiation damage- Detectors, instrumentation and methods for non-destructive tests (NDT)- Detector readout concepts, electronics and data acquisition methods- Algorithms, software and data reduction methods- Materials and associated technologies, etc.- Engineering and technical issues. JINST also includes a section dedicated to technical reports and instrumentation theses.