Radiation-induced exosomes promote oral squamous cell carcinoma progression via enhancing SLC1A5-glutamine metabolism

Abstract

Background

Radiotherapy (RT) can drive cancer cells to enter a state of cellular senescence in which cells can secrete senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and produce small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) to interact with cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Tumor-derived sEVs that are taken up by recipient cells contribute to cancer cell metabolic plasticity, resistance to anticancer therapy, and adaptation to the TME. However, how radiation-induced sEVs support oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) progression remains unclear.

Methods

Beta-galactosidase staining and SASP mRNA expression analysis were used to evaluate the senescence-associated activity of OSCC cells after irradiation. Nanoparticle tracking analysis was performed to identify radiation-induced sEVs. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS) was used to explore changes in the levels of proteins in radiation-induced sEVs. Cell Counting Kit-8 and colony formation assays were performed to investigate the function of radiation-induced SASP and sEVs in vitro. A xenograft tumor model was established to investigate the functions of radiation-induced sEVs and V-9302 in vivo as well as the underlying mechanisms. Bioinformatics analysis was performed to determine the relationship between glutamine metabolism and OSCC recurrence.

Results

We determined that the radiation-induced SASP triggered OSCC cell proliferation. Additionally, radiation-induced sEVs exacerbated OSCC cell malignancy. LC–MS/MS and bioinformatics analyses revealed that SLC1A5, which is a cellular receptor that participates in glutamine uptake, was significantly enriched in radiation-induced sEVs. In vitro and in vivo, inhibiting SLC1A5 could block the oncogenic effects of radiation-induced sEVs in OSCC.

Conclusion

Radiation-induced sEVs might promote the proliferation of unirradiated cancer cells by enhancing glutamine metabolism; this might be a novel molecular mechanism underlying radiation resistance in OSCC patients.