Soil nitrogen dynamics affected by coffee (coffea arabica) canopy and fertilizer management in coffee-based agroforestry

Abstract

Nutrient management in coffee-based agroforestry systems plays a critical role in soil nitrogen (N) cycling, but has not been well documented. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of coffee canopy management and fertilization on soil N dynamics. This study used a randomized complete block design (2 × 3 × 2) with four replications. There were three factors: 1) coffee canopy management (T1: Pruned, T2: Unpruned), 2) fertilizer type (O: Organic, I: Inorganic; M: 50% Organic + 50% Inorganic), and 3) fertilizer dose (D1: low, D2: medium, D3: high). Soil N dynamic indicators (i.e., total N, ammonium (NH₄⁺), nitrate (NO₃⁻), net N-NH₄⁺, net N-NO₃⁻, soil microbial biomass N) were measured at two soil sampling depths (0–20 cm and 20–40 cm). Results showed that pruning increased soil total N and microbial biomass N (MBN) by 10–56% relative to unpruned coffee trees. In contrast, the unpruned coffee canopy had 15–345% higher NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻, net N-NH₄⁺, net N-NO₃⁻, and microbial biomass N concentration than pruned coffee. Mixed fertilizer application increased NO₃⁻ and net N-NH₄⁺ accumulation by 5–15% relative to inorganic and organic fertilizers. In addition, medium to high dose fertilization led to a 19–86% higher net N-NO₃⁻ concentration and microbial biomass N as compared to low dose fertilization. The treatment of no pruning and mixed fertilizer at low to medium doses was the optimal management strategy to maintain soil available N, while pruning combined with organic fertilizer has the potential to improve soil total N and MBN.