Time-lag effects of habitat loss, but not fragmentation, on deadwood-dwelling lichens

IF 4 2区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ECOLOGY Landscape Ecology Pub Date : 2024-05-28 DOI:10.1007/s10980-024-01910-3
Aino Hämäläinen, Lenore Fahrig
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Abstract

Context

Landscape habitat amount is known to increase biodiversity, while the effects of habitat fragmentation are still debated. It has been suggested that negative fragmentation effects may occur with a time lag, which could explain inconsistent results. However, there is so far no empirical support for this idea.

Objectives

We evaluated whether habitat amount and fragmentation at the landscape scale affect the species density of deadwood-dwelling lichens, and whether these effects occur with a time lag.

Methods

We surveyed deadwood-dwelling lichens in woodland key habitats in two regions in northern Sweden, and modelled their species density as a function of past (1960s) and present (2010s) habitat amount (old forest area) and fragmentation (edge density) in the surrounding landscapes.

Results

Present habitat amount generally had weak positive effects on lichen species density. Positive effects of the past habitat amount were stronger, indicating a time lag in habitat amount effects. Habitat fragmentation effects were generally weak and similar whether fragmentation was measured in the past or the present landscapes, indicating no time lag in fragmentation effects.

Conclusions

We found a time lag effect of habitat amount, but not fragmentation. This result is not consistent with suggestions that time lags explain the mixed observations of fragmentation effects. Time-lag effects of habitat amount suggest that the studied lichen communities face an extinction debt. Conservation should therefore prioritize increasing the amount of old forest, for example by creating forest reserves, to maintain the current lichen diversity. More generally, our results imply that studies examining only the present habitat amount risk under-estimating its importance.

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栖息地丧失(而非破碎化)对枯木栖息地草本植物的时滞效应
背景众所周知,景观栖息地数量可增加生物多样性,而栖息地破碎化的影响仍存在争议。有观点认为,片段化的负面影响可能会随着时间的推移而发生,这可以解释不一致的结果。我们评估了景观尺度上的栖息地数量和破碎化是否会影响枯木栖息地草本植物的物种密度,以及这些影响是否会出现时间差。方法我们调查了瑞典北部两个地区林地主要栖息地中的枯木栖息地草本植物,并将其物种密度与周围景观中过去(20 世纪 60 年代)和现在(2010 年代)的栖息地数量(老林区)和破碎化程度(边缘密度)建立了模型。过去的栖息地数量对地衣物种密度的正面影响较强,表明栖息地数量的影响存在时滞。栖息地破碎化效应一般较弱,而且无论是在过去还是现在的景观中测量破碎化程度,其效应都相似,这表明破碎化效应没有时滞。这一结果与认为时间滞后可以解释破碎化效应的混合观测结果的观点不一致。栖息地数量的时滞效应表明,所研究的地衣群落面临着灭绝债务。因此,保护工作应优先考虑增加古老森林的数量,例如建立森林保护区,以维持当前的地衣多样性。更广泛地说,我们的研究结果表明,仅研究目前的栖息地数量可能会低估其重要性。
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来源期刊
Landscape Ecology
Landscape Ecology 环境科学-地球科学综合
CiteScore
8.30
自引率
7.70%
发文量
164
审稿时长
8-16 weeks
期刊介绍: Landscape Ecology is the flagship journal of a well-established and rapidly developing interdisciplinary science that focuses explicitly on the ecological understanding of spatial heterogeneity. Landscape Ecology draws together expertise from both biophysical and socioeconomic sciences to explore basic and applied research questions concerning the ecology, conservation, management, design/planning, and sustainability of landscapes as coupled human-environment systems. Landscape ecology studies are characterized by spatially explicit methods in which spatial attributes and arrangements of landscape elements are directly analyzed and related to ecological processes.
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