Enhancing electrokinetic remediation of soil contaminated with As, Cd, Cu, and Pb using the biodegradable chelator GLDA: A pilot study

IF 2.8 3区 农林科学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Journal of Soils and Sediments Pub Date : 2024-05-31 DOI:10.1007/s11368-024-03824-8
Zhiwei Pan, Genmei Wang, Jiaqi Liang, Long Cang
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Abstract

Purpose

This study aims to assess the feasibility and efficiency of electrokinetic (EK) remediation of soil contaminated with As, Cd, Cu, and Pb using the biodegradable chelator N, N-bis(carboxymethyl)-tetrasodium salt (GLDA) at the pilot scale.

Materials and methods

The experiments were performed under a constant voltage (40 V) in an EK reactor (100 cm (length) × 50 cm (width) × 25 cm (height)) for over 100 days using various enhancement strategies. The current, electroosmotic flow (EOF), microstructure, mineral composition of the soil samples (before and after EK remediation), removal efficiencies, chemical forms, and ecotoxicity risks of As, Cd, Cu, and Pb were determined.

Results and discussion

The results showed gradual decreases in the electrical current and EOF over time. The spatial distribution of As, Cd, Cu, and Pb in the soil solution and electrolyte revealed that the removed metals primarily accumulated in anolytes. The soil As, Cd, and Cu contents, especially near the anode, showed gradual reductions. The total removal efficiencies of As, Cd, Cu, and Pb were 49.4%, 44.0%, 53.6%, and 36.6%, respectively. Overall, the ecotoxicity risks of the remaining As, Cd, Cu, and Pb were below the initial values. A soil microstructure and mineral composition analysis indicated that the GLDA-enhanced EK technology effectively removed As, Cd, Cu, and Pb by dissolving soil minerals and breaking chemical bonds. The unit energy consumption ranged from 1.25 to 1.83 kW·h/t/%, indicating lower or comparable values to the data in the literature.

Conclusions

The biodegradable chelator, GLDA, has been shown to remove different types of potentially toxic elements using enhancement strategies on a pilot scale with low unit energy consumption. Arsenic migrated to the anode in the anionic form, and the complexes formed by Cd, Cu, and Pb with GLDA were negatively charged and moved toward the cathode. After the EK treatment, the ecotoxicity risks of As, Cd, Cu, and Pb decreased with a reduction in the contents and the chemical form changes of As, Cd, Cu, and Pb.

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利用可生物降解的螯合剂 GLDA 加强受砷、镉、铜和铅污染土壤的电动修复:试点研究
本研究旨在评估在中试规模下使用可生物降解的螯合剂 N,N-双(羧甲基)-四钠盐(GLDA)对受砷、镉、铜和铅污染的土壤进行电动力(EK)修复的可行性和效率。材料和方法在恒定电压(40 V)下,在 EK 反应器(100 厘米(长)×50 厘米(宽)×25 厘米(高))中使用各种增强策略进行了 100 多天的实验。结果和讨论结果表明,随着时间的推移,电流和 EOF 逐渐减小。土壤溶液和电解质中 As、Cd、Cu 和 Pb 的空间分布表明,去除的金属主要在电解质中积累。土壤中砷、镉和铜的含量,尤其是阳极附近的含量,呈现出逐渐降低的趋势。砷、镉、铜和铅的总去除率分别为 49.4%、44.0%、53.6% 和 36.6%。总体而言,其余砷、镉、铜和铅的生态毒性风险均低于初始值。土壤微观结构和矿物成分分析表明,GLDA 增强型 EK 技术通过溶解土壤矿物和破坏化学键,有效去除砷、镉、铜和铅。单位能耗介于 1.25 至 1.83 kW-h/t/% 之间,表明其数值较低或与文献数据相当。砷以阴离子形式迁移到阳极,镉、铜和铅与 GLDA 形成的络合物带负电,并向阴极迁移。经 EK 处理后,随着 As、Cd、Cu 和 Pb 含量的降低和化学形态的变化,As、Cd、Cu 和 Pb 的生态毒性风险也随之降低。
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来源期刊
Journal of Soils and Sediments
Journal of Soils and Sediments 环境科学-土壤科学
CiteScore
7.00
自引率
5.60%
发文量
256
审稿时长
3.5 months
期刊介绍: The Journal of Soils and Sediments (JSS) is devoted to soils and sediments; it deals with contaminated, intact and disturbed soils and sediments. JSS explores both the common aspects and the differences between these two environmental compartments. Inter-linkages at the catchment scale and with the Earth’s system (inter-compartment) are an important topic in JSS. The range of research coverage includes the effects of disturbances and contamination; research, strategies and technologies for prediction, prevention, and protection; identification and characterization; treatment, remediation and reuse; risk assessment and management; creation and implementation of quality standards; international regulation and legislation.
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