Asymptomatic malaria and intestinal helminth co-infection among children in a rural community in Southwest Nigeria.

Abstract

Background: Malaria is prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa, where other concomitant parasitic infections, including intestinal helminths, are common. However, little is known about how concurrent infections affect the expression or pathogenesis of each other. This study aimed to document the prevalence rates of malaria and intestinal helminths individually and as co-infection among asymptomatic children in a rural community in southwest Nigeria.

Materials and methods: Apparently healthy children aged 1-17 years, who were enrolled into a larger study that evaluated the efficacy and safety of two anti-helminthic drugs, were evaluated for intestinal helminths by stool examination using the saline wet mount and Kato-Katz methods. Capillary blood from finger prick samples was used for haematocrit determination and malaria screening by microscopy. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS and significance levels were set at p < 0.05.

Results: Eighty-nine of 178 (50%) enrolees were male. One hundred and fifteen of the 178 (64.6%) children had at least one intestinal helminthic infection while 69 (60%) thereof harboured multiple helminthic infections. Malaria parasites were encountered in 35/178 (19.7%) of the enrolees. Parasite density was ≤500/μl in 51.4% (18/35), 501-1,000/μl in 9 (25.7%) and 1,000-4,720/μl in 8 (22.9%) of the children. Malaria-helminth co-infection was detected in 24/115 (20.9%) of the children. The prevalence [60/115 (52.2%) versus 8/63 (12.7%) p<0.0001] and severity of anaemia were significantly higher among children with worms compared to those without worms. For mild anaemia this was 53/115 (46.8%; with worms) versus 7/63 (11.1%; no worms p<0.0001); for moderate anaemia 2/115 (1.74%; with worms) versus 1/63 (1.59%; without worms; p<0.271).

Conclusion: Malaria and helminths co-infection is common among apparently asymptomatic children in the rural community studied. Co-infections increase the problems associated with anaemia and aggravate the burden of disease in Nigerian children.