Flexural strength of novel glass infiltrated monochrome and multilayer high yttrium oxide containing zirconia upon various sintered cooling rates

Abstract

Purpose

The sintering technique and cooling strategy influence the strength of zirconia. This study examined the impact of altering the cooling rate of glass-infiltrated monolayer and multilayer 5 mol% yttria-partially stabilized zirconia (5Y-PSZ) on their strength.

Materials and Methods

One-hundred eighty (180) specimens (width × length × thickness = 10 × 20 × 2 mm) were prepared using monolayer (Mo: Cercon-xt) and multilayer (Mu: Cercon-xt ML) 5Y-PSZ. Randomly distributed specimens (n = 15/group) were sintered with traditional (T) versus glass infiltrated (G) technique and cooled down with different cooling rates: slow (S: 5°C/min), normal (N: 35°C/min), and fast (F: 70°C/min). Four-point bending test was used to measure flexural strength (σ). Microstructures were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Three-way ANOVA and Tamhane comparisons were determined for a significant difference of σ (p < 0.05). Weibull analysis was determined for Weibull modulus (m).

Results

The highest σ (MPa) was seen for GMuS (696.8 ± 69.8). Mo-PSZ and Mu-PSZ showed no significant difference in σ. G-sintering presented significantly higher σ (659.9 ± 79.3) than T-sintering (426.0 ± 63.7). S-cooling (560.9 ± 126.1) had the highest σ. The highest m-value was observed in GMuN (12.1 ± 3.8). A significant difference in σ was indicated due to cooling rates and sintering techniques (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Glass infiltration significantly enhanced strength through elastic gradience. F-cooling reduced grain size, impaired grain boundary integration, and increased the tetragonal to monoclinic phase transition, significantly decreasing flexural strength in traditional sintering. Nevertheless, F-cooling was recommended for glass-infiltrated 5Y-PSZ to enhance strength while reducing processing time.