Reduced Violence-Related Burden and Mortality at Higher Altitudes: Examining the Association between High Altitude Living and Homicide Rates in Ecuador.

IF 1.6 4区 医学 Q4 BIOPHYSICS High altitude medicine & biology Pub Date : 2024-06-07 DOI:10.1089/ham.2024.0005
Esteban Ortiz-Prado, Juan Sebastian Izquierdo-Condoy, María G Dávila-Rosero, Jorge Vásconez-González, Ana M Diaz, Carla E Moyano, Vanessa Arcos-Valle, Ginés Viscor, Joshua H West
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Abstract

Esteban Ortiz-Prado, Juan Sebastian Izquierdo-Condoy, María G. Dávila-Rosero, Jorge Vásconez-González, Ana M. Diaz, Carla E. Moyano, Vanessa Arcos-Valle, Ginés Viscor, and Joshua H. West. Reduced Violence-Related Burden and Mortality at Higher Altitudes: Examining the Association between High Altitude Living and Homicide Rates in Ecuador. High Alt Med Biol. 00:000-000, 0000. Background: Homicides are a major public health concern and a leading cause of preventable deaths worldwide. The relationship between altitude and homicides remains unclear, and evidence of the possible effects of living at high altitudes on homicide rates is limited. This research aimed to investigate the mortality rates resulting from various types of aggression that culminated in homicides in Ecuador and to explore potential differences associated with altitude. Methods: An ecological analysis of homicide rates in Ecuador was conducted from 2001 to 2022. Homicide cases and the population at risk were categorized based on their place of residence according to two altitude classifications: a binary classification of low (<2,500 m) and high altitude (>2,500 m), and a detailed classification according to criteria by the International Society for Mountain Medicine, which includes low (<1,500 m), moderate (1,500-2,500 m), high (2,500-3,500 m), and very high altitude (3,500-5,500 m) categories. Both crude and directly age-sex standardized mortality rates were calculated for each altitude category. Results: We analyzed a total of 40,708 deaths attributed to aggressions (ICD-10 codes X85-Y09). The total homicide rate for men was 21.29 per 100,000 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 9.55-32.37), whereas for women, it was 2.46 per 100,000 (95% CI: 1.44-3.27). Average rates across the 22 analyzed years were higher at low altitudes (men: 13.2/100,000 and women: 1.33/100,000) as compared with high altitudes (men: 5.79/100,000 and women: 1.05/100,000). Notably, the male-to-female rate difference was more pronounced at low altitudes (898%) than at high altitudes (451%). Conclusions: Our study revealed a higher prevalence of homicides in certain provinces and significant disparities in mortality rates between men and women. Although we cannot establish a direct relationship between altitude and homicide rates, further research is needed to explore potential confounding factors and a better understanding of the underlying causes for these variations.

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高海拔地区与暴力相关的负担和死亡率降低:研究厄瓜多尔高海拔生活与凶杀率之间的关系》。
Esteban Ortiz-Prado、Juan Sebastian Izquierdo-Condoy、María G. Dávila-Rosero、Jorge Vásconez-González、Ana M. Diaz、Carla E. Moyano、Vanessa Arcos-Valle、Ginés Viscor 和 Joshua H. West。高海拔地区与暴力相关的负担和死亡率降低:厄瓜多尔高海拔生活与凶杀率之间的关联研究》。00:000-000, 0000.背景:凶杀案是一个重大的公共卫生问题,也是全球可预防死亡的主要原因。海拔高度与凶杀案之间的关系仍不清楚,生活在高海拔地区对凶杀案发生率可能产生影响的证据也很有限。本研究旨在调查厄瓜多尔因各种类型的侵犯行为而导致的凶杀案死亡率,并探讨与海拔高度相关的潜在差异。研究方法对厄瓜多尔 2001 年至 2022 年的凶杀率进行了生态分析。凶杀案和高危人群根据其居住地按照两种海拔高度分类:低海拔(2,500 米)二元分类,以及根据国际山地医学协会标准进行的详细分类,其中包括低海拔(结果:我们共分析了 40 708 例因侵害致死的案例(ICD-10 代码 X85-Y09)。男性的凶杀总发生率为每 10 万人 21.29 例(95% 置信区间 [CI]:9.55-32.37),女性为每 10 万人 2.46 例(95% 置信区间 [CI]:1.44-3.27)。与高海拔地区(男性:5.79/100,000,女性:1.05/100,000)相比,低海拔地区 22 个分析年份的平均发病率更高(男性:13.2/100,000,女性:1.33/100,000)。值得注意的是,低海拔地区的男女发病率差异(898%)比高海拔地区(451%)更为明显。结论:我们的研究显示,某些省份的凶杀案发生率较高,而且男女之间的死亡率存在显著差异。虽然我们无法确定海拔高度与凶杀案发生率之间的直接关系,但仍需开展进一步研究,探索潜在的干扰因素,并更好地了解造成这些差异的根本原因。
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来源期刊
High altitude medicine & biology
High altitude medicine & biology 医学-公共卫生、环境卫生与职业卫生
CiteScore
3.80
自引率
9.50%
发文量
44
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: High Altitude Medicine & Biology is the only peer-reviewed journal covering the medical and biological issues that impact human life at high altitudes. The Journal delivers critical findings on the impact of high altitude on lung and heart disease, appetite and weight loss, pulmonary and cerebral edema, hypertension, dehydration, infertility, and other diseases. It covers the full spectrum of high altitude life sciences from pathology to human and animal ecology.
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