Rhodium-Catalyzed Oxidative Alkenylation of Anisole: Control of Regioselectivity

Abstract

We report the conversion of anisoles and olefins to alkenyl anisoles via a transition-metal-catalyzed arene C–H activation and olefin insertion mechanism. The catalyst precursor, [(η²-C₂H₄)₂Rh(μ-OAc)]₂, and the in situ oxidant Cu(OPiv)₂ (OPiv = pivalate) convert anisoles and olefins (ethylene or propylene) to alkenyl anisoles. When ethylene is used as the olefin, the o/m/p ratio varies between approximately 1:3:1 (selective for 3-methoxystyrene) and 1:5:10 (selective for 4-methoxystyrene). When propylene is the olefin, the o/m/p regioselectivity varies between approximately 1:8:20 and 1:8.5:5. The o/m/p ratios depend on the concentration of pivalic acid and olefin. For example, when using ethylene, at relatively high pivalic acid concentrations and low ethylene concentrations, the o/m/p regioselectivity is 1:3:1. Conversely, again for use of ethylene, at relatively low pivalic acid concentrations and high ethylene concentrations, the o/m/p regioselectivity is 1:5:10. Mechanistic studies of the conversion of anisoles and olefins to alkenyl anisoles provide evidence that the regioselectivity is likely under Curtin–Hammett conditions.