Whole-Genome Analysis of ZF-HD Genes among Three Dendrobium Species and Expression Patterns in Dendrobium chrysotoxum

Xin He, Xuewei Zhao, Qinyao Zheng, Mengmeng Zhang, Ye Huang, Zhong-Jian Liu, Siren Lan
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Abstract

ZF-HD transcription factors, which are unique to land plants, are involved in the regulation of abiotic stress response and related signaling pathways, and play a crucial role in plant growth and development. Dendrobium is one of the largest genera of orchids, with a high ornamental and ecological value. However, the specific functions of the ZF-HDs in Dendrobium remain unknown. In this study, we identified a total of 53 ZF-HDs from D. chrysotoxum (17), D. catenatum (23), and D. huoshanense (13), and analyzed their physicochemical properties, phylogenetic relationships, chromosomal locations, protein structures, conserved motifs, and expression patterns. The phylogenetic relationships revealed that 53 ZF-HDs were classified into six subfamilies (ZHDI–V and MIF), and all ZF-HD proteins contained motif 1 and motif 4 conserved domains, while a minority of these proteins had exons. The analysis of cis-elements in the promoters of ZF-HDs from three Dendrobium species showed that growth- and development-related elements were the most prevalent, followed by hormone response and abiotic stress response elements. Through collinearity analysis, 14 DchZF-HDs were found to be collinear with DhuZF-HDs, and 12 DchZF-HDs were found to be collinear with DcaZF-HDs. Furthermore, RT-qPCR analysis revealed that DchZF-HDs play a regulatory role in the development of lateral organs during the flowering process. The results indicated that DchZHD2 plays a role in the unpigmented bud stage, while DchMIF8 and DchZHD16 play significant roles during the pigmented bud and initial bloom stages. Hence, this study provides a crucial basis for further exploring ZF-HDs functions in regulating the floral organs of orchids.
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三种铁皮石斛中 ZF-HD 基因的全基因组分析及铁皮石斛中的表达模式
ZF-HD转录因子是陆生植物特有的转录因子,参与调控非生物胁迫响应及相关信号通路,在植物生长发育过程中起着至关重要的作用。铁皮石斛是兰科植物中最大的属之一,具有很高的观赏价值和生态价值。然而,石斛中 ZF-HDs 的具体功能仍然未知。在本研究中,我们从石斛(D. chrysotoxum)(17个)、石斛(D. catenatum)(23个)和霍山石斛(D. huoshanense)(13个)中鉴定了共53个ZF-HDs,并分析了它们的理化性质、系统发生关系、染色体位置、蛋白质结构、保守基序和表达模式。系统发育关系显示,53个ZF-HD被分为6个亚科(ZHDI-V和MIF),所有ZF-HD蛋白都含有motif 1和motif 4保守结构域,少数蛋白具有外显子。对三种铁皮石斛ZF-HD启动子中顺式元件的分析表明,与生长发育相关的元件最多,其次是激素反应元件和非生物胁迫反应元件。通过共线性分析,发现14个DchZF-HDs与DhuZF-HDs共线,12个DchZF-HDs与DcaZF-HDs共线。此外,RT-qPCR分析表明,DchZF-HDs在开花过程中对侧生器官的发育起调控作用。结果表明,DchZHD2 在未着色花蕾期发挥作用,而 DchMIF8 和 DchZHD16 则在着色花蕾期和开花初期发挥重要作用。因此,本研究为进一步探讨ZF-HDs在调控兰花花器官中的功能提供了重要依据。
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