The effect of heavy smoking on retirement risk: A mendelian randomisation analysis

IF 3.7 2区医学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Addictive behaviors Pub Date : 2024-06-17 DOI:10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.108078

Alessio Gaggero , Olesya Ajnakina , Eugenio Zucchelli , Ruth A. Hackett

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Abstract

Background and aims

The extent to which heavy smoking and retirement risk are causally related remains to be determined. To overcome the endogeneity of heavy smoking behaviour, we employed a novel approach by exploiting the genetic predisposition to heavy smoking, as measured with a polygenic risk score (PGS), in a Mendelian Randomisation approach.

Methods

8164 participants (mean age 68.86 years) from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing had complete data on smoking behaviour, employment and a heavy smoking PGS. Heavy smoking was indexed as smoking at least 20 cigarettes a day. A time-to-event Mendelian Randomization (MR) analysis, using a complementary log–log (cloglog) link function, was employed to model the retirement risk.

Results

Our results show that being a heavy smoker significantly increases the risk of retirement (β = 1.324, standard error = 0.622, p < 0.05). Results were robust to a battery of checks and a placebo analysis considering the never-smokers.

Conclusions

Overall, our findings support a causal pathway from heavy smoking to earlier retirement.

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大量吸烟对退休风险的影响：亡羊补牢式随机分析

背景和目的：大量吸烟与退休风险之间的因果关系仍有待确定。为了克服重度吸烟行为的内生性，我们采用了一种新方法，即利用多基因风险评分（PGS）来测量重度吸烟的遗传易感性，并采用孟德尔随机方法。重度吸烟指的是每天至少吸 20 支烟。采用时间到事件的孟德尔随机化（MR）分析，使用互补对数（cloglog）链接函数，对退休风险进行建模：结果表明，重度吸烟会显著增加退休风险（β = 1.324，标准误差 = 0.622，P 结论：我们的研究结果表明，重度吸烟会显著增加退休风险：总体而言，我们的研究结果支持重度吸烟与提前退休之间的因果关系。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Addictive behaviors 医学-药物滥用

CiteScore

8.40

自引率

4.50%

发文量

283

审稿时长

46 days

期刊介绍： Addictive Behaviors is an international peer-reviewed journal publishing high quality human research on addictive behaviors and disorders since 1975. The journal accepts submissions of full-length papers and short communications on substance-related addictions such as the abuse of alcohol, drugs and nicotine, and behavioral addictions involving gambling and technology. We primarily publish behavioral and psychosocial research but our articles span the fields of psychology, sociology, psychiatry, epidemiology, social policy, medicine, pharmacology and neuroscience. While theoretical orientations are diverse, the emphasis of the journal is primarily empirical. That is, sound experimental design combined with valid, reliable assessment and evaluation procedures are a requisite for acceptance. However, innovative and empirically oriented case studies that might encourage new lines of inquiry are accepted as well. Studies that clearly contribute to current knowledge of etiology, prevention, social policy or treatment are given priority. Scholarly commentaries on topical issues, systematic reviews, and mini reviews are encouraged. We especially welcome multimedia papers that incorporate video or audio components to better display methodology or findings. Studies can also be submitted to Addictive Behaviors? companion title, the open access journal Addictive Behaviors Reports, which has a particular interest in ''non-traditional'', innovative and empirically-oriented research such as negative/null data papers, replication studies, case reports on novel treatments, and cross-cultural research.