Even a low comorbidity burden predicts poor outcome in chronic heart failure.

Abstract

Background: Patients with heart failure (HF) often have multiple cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) and comorbidities (CMB). We evaluated the impact of additive CMB and CVRF in HF prognosis.

Methods: We retrospectively analyzed ambulatory patients with systolic dysfunction between January 2012 and May 2018. Follow-up: until January 2021. Endpoint: all-cause death. CVRF analyzed: Arterial hypertension, Diabetes mellitus and smoking. CMB evaluated: coronary artery disease, non-coronary atherosclerotic disease, respiratory disease, dementia, anemia, chronic kidney disease, inflammatory/autoimmune disease, active cancer and atrial fibrillation. Classification according to the number of CVRF and/or CMB: < 2 and ≥ 2. The independent prognostic impact of CVRF/CMB burden was assessed with multivariate Cox-regression.

Results: Most patients had ≥ 2 CMB (67.9%). Regarding CVRF, 14.9% presented none, 40.2% had one and 32.1% had two. During a median 49-month follow-up, 419 (49.1%) patients died. Mortality was higher among patients with ≥2 CVRF (56.1 vs 43.4% in those with <2) and in those with ≥2 CMB (57.7 vs 31.0%). While patients with one CMB had similar mortality than those with none. Patients with ≥2 CMB had higher long-term mortality risk: HR=2.47 (95% CI: 1.95-3.14). In patients with ≥2CVRF: HR of dying = 1.39 (1.14- 1.70). When taken together there was a clear survival disadvantage for patients with ≥ 2 CVRF/CMB - adjusted HR: 2.20 (1.45-3.34).

Conclusion: The presence of only 2 CVRF/CMB more than doubles the patients´ risk of dying. CVRF and CMB should be assessed as part of routine patient management.