DNA Methylation Mediates the Association between Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Cognition: Findings from the Health and Retirement Study

Abstract

The association between cardiometabolic risk factors and cognitive function has been well documented, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. This longitudinal study aimed to investigate the potential mediating role of DNA methylation in this association. We conducted the analyses in 3708 participants (mean [SD] age: 67.3 [9.49], women: 57.9%) from the Health and Retirement Study who were assessed in the 2014 to 2020 waves, had Infinium Methylation EPIC BeadChip methylation assays from the 2016 Venous Blood Study, and had cognitive assessment between 2016-2020. Causal mediation analyses were used to test the mediation role of DNA methylation in the associations between cardiometabolic risk factors and cognition, adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors. Hypertension (-0.061 in composite cognitive z-score; 95% CI: (-0.119, -0.004)) and diabetes (-0.134; 95% CI: (-0.198, -0.071)) were significantly associated with worse cognitive function while abnormal BMI and hypercholesterolemia were not. An increased number of cardiometabolic risk factors was associated with worse cognitive function (P=0.002). DNA methylation significantly mediated the association of hypertension (mediated effect on composite cognitive z-score: -0.023; 95% CI: (-0.033, -0.014)), diabetes (-0.022; 95% CI: (-0.032, -0.014)), and obesity (-0.021; 95% CI: (-0.033, -0.011)) with cognitive function, while the mediation effect was not observed for having hypercholesterolemia. The estimated proportions mediated were 37.4% for hypertension and 16.7% for diabetes. DNA methylation may be an important mediator linking cardiometabolic risk factors to worse cognition and might even provide a potential target for dementia prevention.