{"title":"Recycling spent lithium-ion battery cathode: an overview","authors":"Xun Zhang , Maiyong Zhu","doi":"10.1039/d4gc01781a","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The past decades have witnessed the rapid development of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which are applied in nearly every aspect of our daily life. However, the increasing number of spent LIBs (S-LIBs) poses a great threat to the environment. Thus, to protect the environment and preserve limited lithium resources, it is necessary to recycle S-LIBs. In this review, we initially provide a brief introduction on the structure and degradation mechanism of LIBs and pretreatment of S-LIBs. Subsequently, we highlight the recent advancements in the development of recycling the cathode of S-LIBs, including its direct, hydrometallurgical, and pyrometallurgical recovery. The advantages and disadvantages of each recycling process are also discussed from the viewpoint of the environment and economy. In addition, we also introduce the recycling of S-LIBs through a green and environmentally friendly process of treating waste with waste. Finally, the overall perspective of this technology and areas requiring particular attention in the future are discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":78,"journal":{"name":"Green Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":9.3000,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Green Chemistry","FirstCategoryId":"92","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/org/science/article/pii/S1463926224006186","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
The past decades have witnessed the rapid development of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which are applied in nearly every aspect of our daily life. However, the increasing number of spent LIBs (S-LIBs) poses a great threat to the environment. Thus, to protect the environment and preserve limited lithium resources, it is necessary to recycle S-LIBs. In this review, we initially provide a brief introduction on the structure and degradation mechanism of LIBs and pretreatment of S-LIBs. Subsequently, we highlight the recent advancements in the development of recycling the cathode of S-LIBs, including its direct, hydrometallurgical, and pyrometallurgical recovery. The advantages and disadvantages of each recycling process are also discussed from the viewpoint of the environment and economy. In addition, we also introduce the recycling of S-LIBs through a green and environmentally friendly process of treating waste with waste. Finally, the overall perspective of this technology and areas requiring particular attention in the future are discussed.
期刊介绍:
Green Chemistry is a journal that provides a unique forum for the publication of innovative research on the development of alternative green and sustainable technologies. The scope of Green Chemistry is based on the definition proposed by Anastas and Warner (Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice, P T Anastas and J C Warner, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998), which defines green chemistry as the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products. Green Chemistry aims to reduce the environmental impact of the chemical enterprise by developing a technology base that is inherently non-toxic to living things and the environment. The journal welcomes submissions on all aspects of research relating to this endeavor and publishes original and significant cutting-edge research that is likely to be of wide general appeal. For a work to be published, it must present a significant advance in green chemistry, including a comparison with existing methods and a demonstration of advantages over those methods.