`Spatial patterns as long transients in submersed-floating plant competition with biocontrol

IF 1.2 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q4 ECOLOGY Theoretical Ecology Pub Date : 2024-06-18 DOI:10.1007/s12080-024-00584-6
Linhao Xu, Donald L. DeAngelis
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Abstract

A cellular automata model was developed and parameterized to test the effectiveness of application of biological control insects to water hyacinth (Pontederia crassipes), which is an invasive floating plant species in many parts of the world and outcompetes many submersed native aquatic species in southern Florida. In the model, P. crassipes was allowed to compete with Nuttall’s waterweed (Elodea nuttallii). In the absence of biocontrol acting on the P. crassipes, E. nuttallii excluded P. crassipes at low concentrations of the limiting nutrient (nitrogen), and the reverse occurred at high nutrient concentrations. At intermediate values, alternative stable states could occur; either P. crassipes alone or a mixture of the two species. When the biocontrol agent, the weevil Neochetina eichhorniae, was applied in the model, there was initially a rapid reduction of the P. crassipes, however, over time a regular striped pattern of moving spatially alternating stripes of P. crassipes and E. nuttallii emerged. -This pattern of moving stripes emerged and persisted over thousands of days but could quickly transform into an irregular pattern at some apparently random time, when either external stochasticity (added adult weevils) or only the weak internal stochasticity of weevil movements occurred. The cause of the end of the long transient can be traced to a single slightly irregular pixel within the striped pattern. Model parameters were varied to study effects of plant growth rate, nutrient concentration and nutrient diffusion rate on the dynamics of the system.

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沉水浮游植物与生物控制竞争中的长瞬态空间模式
布袋莲(Pontederia crassipes)是世界上许多地方的一种入侵性漂浮植物物种,在佛罗里达州南部取代了许多沉水本地水生物种。在该模型中,水草被允许与 Nuttall's 水草(Elodea nuttallii)竞争。在没有对 P. crassipes 起生物控制作用的情况下,当限制性养分(氮)浓度较低时,E. nuttallii 会排斥 P. crassipes;当养分浓度较高时,则会出现相反的情况。在中间值时,可能会出现另一种稳定状态;要么是蟋蟀草单独存在,要么是两个物种混合存在。当在模型中使用生物控制剂--象鼻虫 Neochetina eichhorniae 时,蟋蟀草最初迅速减少,但随着时间的推移,蟋蟀草和 E. nuttallii 在空间上交替移动的条纹图案逐渐形成。-这种移动的条纹图案出现并持续了数千天,但在某个看似随机的时间,当外部随机性(增加的成年象鼻虫)或仅仅是象鼻虫移动的微弱内部随机性出现时,它又会迅速转变为不规则的图案。长瞬态结束的原因可以追溯到条纹图案中一个略微不规则的像素。通过改变模型参数来研究植物生长速率、养分浓度和养分扩散速率对系统动态的影响。
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来源期刊
Theoretical Ecology
Theoretical Ecology 环境科学-生态学
CiteScore
3.30
自引率
6.20%
发文量
23
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: Theoretical Ecology publishes innovative research in theoretical ecology, broadly defined. Papers should use theoretical approaches to answer questions of ecological interest and appeal to and be readable by a broad audience of ecologists. Work that uses mathematical, statistical, computational, or conceptual approaches is all welcomed, provided that the goal is to increase ecological understanding. Papers that only use existing approaches to analyze data, or are only mathematical analyses that do not further ecological understanding, are not appropriate. Work that bridges disciplinary boundaries, such as the intersection between quantitative social sciences and ecology, or physical influences on ecological processes, will also be particularly welcome. All areas of theoretical ecology, including ecophysiology, population ecology, behavioral ecology, evolutionary ecology, ecosystem ecology, community ecology, and ecosystem and landscape ecology are all appropriate. Theoretical papers that focus on applied ecological questions are also of particular interest.
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