Electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction: recent advances in dual-atom catalysts for sustainable ammonia production

Abstract

The traditional Haber–Bosch process, which is essential for global food supply, is both energy- and capital-intensive, leading to high levels of CO₂ emissions and negative environmental consequences. The electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (eNRR), powered by renewable energy sources, offers a green alternative for ammonia synthesis; however, it has lower ammonia yield rates and Faradaic efficiencies than conventional methods. Dual-atom catalysts (DACs), which feature enhanced metal loading and tunable active sites, are promising eNRR candidates with potential for superior catalytic performance. This article examines the unique characteristics and advantages of DACs in comparison with single-atom catalysts (SACs), which are part of a broader category of atomically dispersed catalysts. The following section explores the synthesis of DACs, followed by a summary of recent research progress, focusing on the correlation between the local catalytic environment and activity and the underlying mechanisms governing catalytic performance. Finally, this article provides a perspective on the challenges and potential future opportunities in the field, with the aim of contributing to the knowledge and application of DACs in the eNRR.