Assessing the Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments of Wadi El-Gemal Island, Red Sea, Egypt: Pollution Levels, Sources, and Associated Risks

IF 3.8 4区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Pub Date : 2024-06-24 DOI:10.1007/s11270-024-07273-4

ELSaeed R. Lasheen, Abbas M. Mansour, Ahmed W. Mohamed, Mohamed R. Osman, Farrage M. Khaleal, Mohamed A. Tahoon, Nasir Alarifi, Gyozo Jordan, Ahmed Abdelaal

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Abstract

This study assessed pollution levels, ecological and health risks, and spatial distribution of eight heavy metals in sediments of Wadi El-Gemal Island, south Marsa Alam, Red Sea, Egypt. The analyzed metals (mg/kg) followed a decreasing order: Fe ˃ Mn ˃ Zn ˃ Co ˃ Pb > Ni ˃ Cu > Cd. Principle component analysis (PCA) of the investigated metals showed significant loadings of Mn, Ni, Fe (geogenic source) and Cd, Pb, and Zn (anthropogenic source). Twelve ecological, sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), and health risk indices were applied. Enrichment factor (EF) values in sediments showed low (Cu), minimal (Ni), moderate (Pb, Mn, and Zn), and significant enrichment (Cd and Co), while contamination factor (CF) showed low contaminated sediments (CF <1). Geo-accumulation index (I_geo) showed uncontaminated (Cd), moderately to strongly contaminated (Pb, Cu, Ni), strongly contaminated (Co), and extremely contaminated sediments (Fe, Mn, Zn). Pollution load index (PLI) and degree of contamination (DC) indicated low contamination, whereas Nemerow pollution index (NPI) showed unpolluted sediments (NPI ≤1). Potential ecological risk index (PERI) indicated low risk (PERI <150). The SQGs mean effects range median quotient (MERMQ) indicated low-priority risk level of toxicity (MERMQ ≤0.1), and toxic risk index (TRI) showed low toxic risk in the island’s sediments (TRI <5). Hazard index (HI) levels for all metals indicated low chronic non-carcinogenic risks (HI <1). Total cancer risk (TCR) levels of Cd, Pb, and Ni were below U.S. EPA permissible limit (1×10⁻⁴), while Cd had the highest TCR levels for children and adults.

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评估埃及红海 Wadi El-Gemal 岛表层沉积物中的重金属：污染程度、来源和相关风险

本研究评估了埃及红海 Marsa Alam 南部 Wadi El-Gemal 岛沉积物中八种重金属的污染程度、生态和健康风险以及空间分布情况。分析的金属含量（毫克/千克）依次递减：Fe ˃ Mn ˃ Zn ˃ Co ˃ Pb > Ni ˃ Cu > Cd。所调查金属的主成分分析（PCA）显示，锰、镍、铁（地质来源）和镉、铅、锌（人为来源）的负荷量很大。应用了 12 个生态、沉积物质量准则 (SQG) 和健康风险指数。沉积物中的富集因子 (EF) 值分别为低富集（铜）、极低富集（镍）、中等富集（铅、锰和锌）和显著富集（镉和钴），而污染因子 (CF) 则显示沉积物受污染程度较低（CF <1）。地质累积指数（Igeo）显示沉积物未受污染（镉）、中度至重度污染（铅、铜、镍）、重度污染（钴）和极重度污染（铁、锰、锌）。污染负荷指数（PLI）和污染程度（DC）表明污染程度较低，而内默罗污染指数（NPI）表明沉积物未受污染（NPI ≤1）。潜在生态风险指数（PERI）显示为低风险（PERI <150）。SQGs 平均效应范围中位商（MERMQ）显示毒性风险水平较低（MERMQ ≤0.1），毒性风险指数（TRI）显示该岛沉积物的毒性风险较低（TRI <5）。所有金属的危害指数（HI）水平表明慢性非致癌风险较低（HI <1）。镉、铅和镍的总致癌风险（TCR）水平低于美国环保局的允许限值（1×10-4），而镉对儿童和成人的总致癌风险水平最高。

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来源期刊

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 环境科学-环境科学

CiteScore

4.50

自引率

6.90%

发文量

448

审稿时长

2.6 months

期刊介绍： Water, Air, & Soil Pollution is an international, interdisciplinary journal on all aspects of pollution and solutions to pollution in the biosphere. This includes chemical, physical and biological processes affecting flora, fauna, water, air and soil in relation to environmental pollution. Because of its scope, the subject areas are diverse and include all aspects of pollution sources, transport, deposition, accumulation, acid precipitation, atmospheric pollution, metals, aquatic pollution including marine pollution and ground water, waste water, pesticides, soil pollution, sewage, sediment pollution, forestry pollution, effects of pollutants on humans, vegetation, fish, aquatic species, micro-organisms, and animals, environmental and molecular toxicology applied to pollution research, biosensors, global and climate change, ecological implications of pollution and pollution models. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution also publishes manuscripts on novel methods used in the study of environmental pollutants, environmental toxicology, environmental biology, novel environmental engineering related to pollution, biodiversity as influenced by pollution, novel environmental biotechnology as applied to pollution (e.g. bioremediation), environmental modelling and biorestoration of polluted environments. Articles should not be submitted that are of local interest only and do not advance international knowledge in environmental pollution and solutions to pollution. Articles that simply replicate known knowledge or techniques while researching a local pollution problem will normally be rejected without review. Submitted articles must have up-to-date references, employ the correct experimental replication and statistical analysis, where needed and contain a significant contribution to new knowledge. The publishing and editorial team sincerely appreciate your cooperation. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution publishes research papers; review articles; mini-reviews; and book reviews.