Eco-Friendly Solutions to Emerging Contaminants: Unveiling the Potential of Bioremediation in Tackling Microplastic Pollution in Water

Abstract

Microplastics (MPs) are a class of emerging contaminants that have gained significant attention in recent years. The presence of MPs in the aquatic environment is reported to have serious potential environmental and health impacts. Therefore, it is essential to develop efficient and sustainable strategies for the remediation of MPs from the aqueous environment. Traditional techniques for the remediation of MPs from an aqueous environment have limitations, including high costs and the production of secondary pollutants. In this scenario, bioremediation offers several advantages and has emerged as a cost-effective, eco-friendly, and efficient strategy for the removal of MPs from water. This article critically reviews the recent progress in the applications of bioremediation for the removal of different MPs from water. The effects of key factors such as the characteristics of MPs, environmental conditions, and types of microorganisms on the removal of MPs are elaborated in detail. The underlying mechanisms involved in the removal of MPs by microorganisms are also discussed comprehensively. Major technological challenges are identified, and recommendations for future research are provided. Despite several challenges, bioremediation is a promising approach that can revolutionize the MP removal process if the major challenges are addressed.