A green, fluorescent probe employing erythrosine-B for tracing the accidental administration of levamisole in milk and plasma samples†

Abstract

A simple and sensitive fluorescent probe has been developed and optimized to detect the non-intentional administration of levamisole (LVM). LVM is used as an anthelmintic therapy in cows, and hence, its residues appear in the drained milk until 60 hours after administering the drug. Meanwhile, levamisole is known to be an adulterant to cocaine and could be detected in addicts' plasma samples. Owing to its severe side effects, including agranulocytosis, which is lethal in many cases, detection and quantification of LVM in milk and plasma samples are of utmost importance. Therefore, a sensitive and selective analytical method is required for this purpose. This work develops a highly fluorescent probe obtained through the reaction between LVM and erythrosine-B in an acidic medium, where the produced ion pair complex has been measured at 553 nm after excitation at 528 nm. The proposed method provides linearity over the concentration range of 0.5–2.0 μg mL⁻¹ for LVM, with a corresponding detection and quantitation limit of 0.5 and 0.3 μg mL⁻¹. Full validation was performed, permitting the application of the suggested method to perform simple extraction steps. All the applied procedures followed the guidelines offered by green analytical chemistry, where the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) assessed the greenness of the proposed tool, and the yielded pictograms proved the eco-friendliness of the offered tool.