Primary Controlling Factors of Apatite Trace Element Composition and Implications for Exploration in Orogenic Gold Deposits

IF 2.9 2区 地球科学 Q2 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems Pub Date : 2024-07-03 DOI:10.1029/2024GC011574
Genshen Cao, Huayong Chen, Yu Zhang, Weipin Sun, Junfeng Zhao, Hongtao Zhao, Hao Wang
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Abstract

Significant and readily accessible orogenic gold deposits have been previously recognized, exploited, and progressively depleted. Innovative approaches are required to discover new and deeply buried deposits. Recently, trace element variations in apatite have been used to distinguish fertile and barren environments as reliable mineral exploration tools. In this study, machine learning models using Random Forest and Deep Neutral Network are utilized to assess the fertility of quartz veins and altered zones in the orogenic gold systems. The two models have been trained using trace element data of apatite, and the performance of both models yield good classification accuracy (∼90% on average) with low false positive rates. Feature importance analysis (Gini decrease and hidden layer weights) suggest that Pb, As, U, Sr, Eu, Mn, and Fe are the important parameters. Arsenic, U, Eu, Mn, and Fe are redox-sensitive elements, with their concentrations responding to changes in fluid redox conditions. Strontium primarily originates from the breakdown of plagioclase, which is more likely to occur under oxidizing fluid conditions. Therefore, we infer that the main controlling factor of the models is the redox conditions. The two distinct models consistently highlight the most significant contribution of Pb to this differentiation, even though Pb is not a redox-sensitive element and can only substitute for Ca2+ in apatite as Pb2+. We infer that the high contribution of Pb may be attributed to the potential transportation of Au in the form of a Pb-(Bi)-Au melt, and the Pb content in apatite is influenced by the Pb content in the melt, fluid oxygen, and sulfur fugacity. We also propose a novel discriminant plot using Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) to assess the mineralization potential in quartz veins and alteration zones based on apatite trace element data. The machine learning and LDA results suggest that apatite trace elements could be used effectively in the future orogenic gold deposit exploration.

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磷灰石微量元素组成的主要控制因素及其对成岩金矿床勘探的影响
大量随时可开采的造山运动金矿床已被确认、开采并逐渐枯竭。要发现新的、深埋的矿藏,需要创新的方法。最近,磷灰石中的微量元素变化被用来区分肥沃和贫瘠环境,成为可靠的矿产勘探工具。在这项研究中,使用随机森林和深度中性网络的机器学习模型被用来评估成因金系统中石英脉和蚀变带的肥沃程度。这两种模型均使用磷灰石的痕量元素数据进行了训练,其分类准确率(平均为 90%)较高,误报率较低。特征重要性分析(基尼下降和隐层权重)表明,铅、砷、铀、锶、铕、锰和铁是重要的参数。砷、铀、铕、锰和铁是对氧化还原反应敏感的元素,它们的浓度会对流体氧化还原条件的变化做出反应。锶主要来源于斜长石的分解,更有可能发生在氧化流体条件下。因此,我们推断模型的主要控制因素是氧化还原条件。尽管铅不是氧化还原敏感元素,只能以 Pb2+ 的形式替代磷灰石中的 Ca2+,但两种不同的模型一致强调了铅对这种分异的最大贡献。我们推断,Pb的高贡献率可能是由于Au可能以Pb-(Bi)-Au熔体的形式迁移,而磷灰石中的Pb含量受到熔体中Pb含量、流体氧和硫富集度的影响。我们还利用线性判别分析(LDA)提出了一种新的判别图,根据磷灰石痕量元素数据评估石英脉和蚀变带的成矿潜力。机器学习和线性判别分析结果表明,磷灰石痕量元素可有效用于未来的造山金矿勘探。
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来源期刊
Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems
Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 地学-地球化学与地球物理
CiteScore
5.90
自引率
11.40%
发文量
252
审稿时长
1 months
期刊介绍: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems (G3) publishes research papers on Earth and planetary processes with a focus on understanding the Earth as a system. Observational, experimental, and theoretical investigations of the solid Earth, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere, and solar system at all spatial and temporal scales are welcome. Articles should be of broad interest, and interdisciplinary approaches are encouraged. Areas of interest for this peer-reviewed journal include, but are not limited to: The physics and chemistry of the Earth, including its structure, composition, physical properties, dynamics, and evolution Principles and applications of geochemical proxies to studies of Earth history The physical properties, composition, and temporal evolution of the Earth''s major reservoirs and the coupling between them The dynamics of geochemical and biogeochemical cycles at all spatial and temporal scales Physical and cosmochemical constraints on the composition, origin, and evolution of the Earth and other terrestrial planets The chemistry and physics of solar system materials that are relevant to the formation, evolution, and current state of the Earth and the planets Advances in modeling, observation, and experimentation that are of widespread interest in the geosciences.
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