Feeling more neutral? Evaluative conditioning can increase neutral affective reactions.

IF 2.6 3区 心理学 Q2 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Cognition & Emotion Pub Date : 2024-07-07 DOI:10.1080/02699931.2024.2372385
Karen Gasper, Danfei Hu, Elise Haynes
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Abstract

ABSTRACTWhile it is important to learn what is good and bad, can people learn what is neither? The answer to this question is not readily apparent, but it has important implications for how people learn affective responses. Six experiments examined whether evaluative conditioning (EC) can instill neutral affect. They tested four hypotheses: EC, in which novel conditioned stimuli (CSs) are paired with neutral unconditioned stimuli (USs) (1) creates neutral affect, (2) forms stronger experiences of neutrality when the number of contingent CS-US pairings is high rather than low, (3) creates positive affect, due to mere exposure, and (4) forms responses that are distinct from no US pairings. Respondents rated how positive, negative, and neutral they felt about a CS before and after an EC task in which CSs were paired with USs (positive, negative, neutral, or no stimuli). The positive/negative US conditions increased/decreased positivity, decreased/increased negativity, and decreased neutrality ratings, respectively. Supporting hypotheses 1, 2, and 4, the neutral US, but not the no US, condition increased neutral evaluations when respondents experienced a high (vs. low) number of CS-US pairings. Hypothesis 3 was not supported. The results reveal that people learn not only valenced, but also neutral, preferences.

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感觉更中性?评价性条件反射可以增加中性情感反应。
ABSTRACT 学习什么是好的,什么是坏的固然重要,但人们能否学习什么是好的,什么是坏的呢?这个问题的答案并不明显,但它对人们如何学习情感反应具有重要影响。六项实验研究了评价性条件反射(EC)能否灌输中性情感。他们测试了四种假设:在评价性条件反射(EC)中,新奇的条件刺激(CS)与中性的非条件刺激(US)配对(1)会产生中性情感;(2)当或有的 CS-US 配对次数较多而不是较少时,会形成更强烈的中性体验;(3)由于仅仅是接触,会产生积极情感;(4)会形成有别于无 US 配对的反应。在一项将 CS 与 US(正面、负面、中性或无刺激)配对的 EC 任务中,受试者会在任务前后评定他们对 CS 的正面、负面和中性感觉。积极/消极 US 条件分别增加/减少了积极性,减少/增加了消极性,减少了中立性。与假设 1、2 和 4 相符的是,当受试者经历的 CS-US 配对数量较多(与较少)时,中性 US(而非无 US)条件会增加中性评价。假设 3 未得到支持。结果表明,人们不仅会学习有价值的偏好,也会学习中性偏好。
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来源期刊
Cognition & Emotion
Cognition & Emotion PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL-
CiteScore
4.90
自引率
7.70%
发文量
90
期刊介绍: Cognition & Emotion is devoted to the study of emotion, especially to those aspects of emotion related to cognitive processes. The journal aims to bring together work on emotion undertaken by researchers in cognitive, social, clinical, and developmental psychology, neuropsychology, and cognitive science. Examples of topics appropriate for the journal include the role of cognitive processes in emotion elicitation, regulation, and expression; the impact of emotion on attention, memory, learning, motivation, judgements, and decisions.
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