Atomic-Layer IrOx Enabling Ligand Effect Boosts Water Oxidation Electrocatalysis

Abstract

An in situ formed IrO_x (x ≤ 2) layer driven by anodic bias serves as the essential active site of Ir-based materials for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysis. Once being confined to atomic thickness, such an IrO_x layer possesses both a favorable ligand effect and maximized active Ir sites with a lower O-coordination number. However, limited by a poor understanding of surface reconstruction dynamics, obtaining atomic layers of IrO_x remains experimentally challenging. Herein, we report an idea of material design using intermetallic IrVMn nanoparticles to induce in situ formation of an ultrathin IrO_x layer (O-IrVMn/IrO_x) to enable the ligand effect for achieving superior OER electrocatalysis. Theoretical calculations predict that a strong electronic interaction originating from an orderly atomic arrangement can effectively hamper the excessive leaching of transition metals, minimizing vacancies for oxygen coordination. Linear X-ray absorption near edge spectra analysis, extended X-ray absorption fine structure fitting outcomes, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy collectively confirm that Ir is present in lower oxidation states in O-IrVMn/IrO_x due to the presence of unsaturated O-coordination. Consequently, the O-IrVMn/IrO_x delivers excellent acidic OER performances with an overpotential of only 279 mV at 10 mA cm^–2 and a high mass activity of 2.3 A mg^–1 at 1.53 V (vs RHE), exceeding most Ir-based catalysts reported. Moreover, O-IrVMn/IrO_x also showed excellent catalytic stability with only 0.05 at. % Ir dissolution under electrochemical oxidation, much lower than that of disordered D-IrVMn/IrO_x (0.20 at. %). Density functional theory calculations unravel that the intensified ligand effect optimizes the adsorption energies of multiple intermediates involved in the OER and stabilizes the as-formed catalytic IrO_x layer.