The giant mid-Holocene Linka rock avalanche with long-runout river blockage in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau

IF 5.8 2区 工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL Landslides Pub Date : 2024-07-08 DOI:10.1007/s10346-024-02311-y
Zunhong Ke, Fuchu Dai, Qihui Fan, Yanchen Guo, Siyuan Zhao
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Abstract

As a response to rapid tectonic uplift and intense river incision, giant river-damming landslides have frequently occurred in the mountain and canyon region of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. These landslides in turn can transiently affect the longitudinal profile evolution of rivers. The ca. 440 Mm3 channelized Linka rock avalanche initiated as a giant translational rockslide on the south-facing dip slope of the NW-trending divide of the Waqu catchment. The detached rock mass involved the thick and resistant Wada limestone, and the underlying Basu red-bed unit, comprising sandstone, conglomerate, and siltstone. The NWW-striking bedding planes and the SE-dipping joint set bounded the landslide source area at its base and sides, respectively, and a buckling failure controlled by the high-angle SW-dipping joints at the slope toe induced this giant mass-movement event. The rock slope failure was likely triggered by an earthquake that occurred at ca. 5.5 ka before present, probably corresponding to a prehistorical rupture on the active Bianba-Luolong Fault Zone. The confined rock avalanche deposits, covering ca. 5.5 km2, rode up both of the constraining ridges that laterally constrained the motion path. The instantaneous velocity as the rock avalanche traveled through the distal bend of the motion path was calculated to be ca. 34 m/s using a superelevation-based equation. The rock avalanche traveled a horizontal distance of ca. 5970 m with a vertical drop of 1380 m, displaying a high mobility (H/L index value of 0.231), which can be attributed primarily to dynamic rock fragmentation. This giant mass-movement event completely blocked the Waqu River with a ca. 170-m high dam. This natural dam has experienced breaches at least 6 times (including 1 seepage failure and 5 subsequent overtopping failures), and the largest peak discharge from the 1st seepage failure was estimated to be ~ 19,500 m3/s. The formation and breaching of the natural dam have caused a transient but extremely profound influence on the longitudinal profile evolution of the Waqu River. This research involving landslide initiation, displacement, deposition, and the formation and breaching of the landslide dam can help enhance the understanding of effective risk assessments of landslide-induced disaster chains in high-relief regions.

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全新世中期的林卡巨型岩崩与青藏高原东南部的长流河阻塞
在青藏高原东南部的山地和峡谷地区,由于快速的构造隆起和强烈的河流内切,经常发生巨大的堰塞湖滑坡。这些滑坡反过来又会瞬时影响河流的纵剖面演变。约 4.4 亿立方米的林卡河约 4.4 亿立方米的林卡渠道岩崩是在瓦曲集水区西北走向分水岭朝南的倾斜斜坡上发生的巨大平移岩崩。崩落的岩体包括厚而坚硬的和田灰岩,以及由砂岩、砾岩和粉砂岩组成的下伏巴苏红床单元。西北走向的层理平面和东南倾角的节理组分别在滑坡源区域的底部和两侧形成边界,坡脚处的高角度西南倾角节理控制的屈曲破坏引发了这一巨大的岩体移动事件。岩坡崩塌很可能是由发生在距今约 5.5 ka 的一次地震引发的。岩坡崩塌很可能是由距今约 5.5 ka 地震引发的,可能与活跃的边坝-洛龙断裂带上的史前断裂相对应。面积约为 5.5 平方公里的封闭岩崩沉积骑上了横向限制运动路径的两条约束脊。根据计算,岩崩通过运动路径远端弯曲处时的瞬时速度约为每秒 34 米。34 米/秒。岩崩的水平距离约为 5970 米,垂直落差为 1380 米,显示出很高的流动性(H/L 指数值为 0.231),这主要归因于岩石的动态破碎。这一巨大的大规模移动事件完全堵塞了瓦曲河,形成了一个约 170 米高的大坝。这座天然大坝至少经历了 6 次溃坝(包括 1 次渗漏溃坝和 5 次后续的翻坝溃坝),据估计,第一次渗漏溃坝造成的最大峰值排水量约为 19,500 立方米/秒。天然坝的形成和溃决对瓦曲河的纵剖面演变产生了短暂但极其深远的影响。该研究涉及滑坡的引发、位移、沉积以及滑坡坝的形成和溃决,有助于提高对高灾地区滑坡诱发灾害链进行有效风险评估的认识。
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来源期刊
Landslides
Landslides 地学-地球科学综合
CiteScore
13.60
自引率
14.90%
发文量
191
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: Landslides are gravitational mass movements of rock, debris or earth. They may occur in conjunction with other major natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Expanding urbanization and changing land-use practices have increased the incidence of landslide disasters. Landslides as catastrophic events include human injury, loss of life and economic devastation and are studied as part of the fields of earth, water and engineering sciences. The aim of the journal Landslides is to be the common platform for the publication of integrated research on landslide processes, hazards, risk analysis, mitigation, and the protection of our cultural heritage and the environment. The journal publishes research papers, news of recent landslide events and information on the activities of the International Consortium on Landslides. - Landslide dynamics, mechanisms and processes - Landslide risk evaluation: hazard assessment, hazard mapping, and vulnerability assessment - Geological, Geotechnical, Hydrological and Geophysical modeling - Effects of meteorological, hydrological and global climatic change factors - Monitoring including remote sensing and other non-invasive systems - New technology, expert and intelligent systems - Application of GIS techniques - Rock slides, rock falls, debris flows, earth flows, and lateral spreads - Large-scale landslides, lahars and pyroclastic flows in volcanic zones - Marine and reservoir related landslides - Landslide related tsunamis and seiches - Landslide disasters in urban areas and along critical infrastructure - Landslides and natural resources - Land development and land-use practices - Landslide remedial measures / prevention works - Temporal and spatial prediction of landslides - Early warning and evacuation - Global landslide database
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