The brown side of firm flexibility

Sadok El Ghoul, Omrane Guedhami, Samir Saadi, Syrine Sassi
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Abstract

Using a sample of 24,321 firm‐year observations from 25 countries over the 2006–2021 period, we show that operating flexibility increases carbon emissions. This increase is due to to the efficiency and instability channels. The relation is stronger for firms where expansion flexibility outweighs contraction flexibility, and for focused and financially unconstrained firms. Cross‐country analyses indicate that the effect of flexibility on carbon emissions is more prominent in developed economies with superior institutional quality. In contrast to prior studies that highlight the beneficial consequences of operating flexibility, our findings expose its adverse effect on environmental performance.
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坚定灵活的褐色一面
通过对 25 个国家 2006-2021 年间 24,321 个企业年的观察样本,我们发现经营灵活性会增加碳排放量。这种增加是由效率和不稳定性渠道造成的。对于扩张灵活性大于收缩灵活性的企业,以及重点突出和财务不受约束的企业,这种关系更为密切。跨国分析表明,在制度质量较高的发达经济体,灵活性对碳排放的影响更为突出。与之前强调经营灵活性有利影响的研究不同,我们的研究结果揭示了经营灵活性对环境绩效的不利影响。
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