Computational approaches for lead compound discovery in dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition using machine learning and molecular dynamics techniques

Abstract

The prediction of possible lead compounds from already-known drugs that may present DPP-4 inhibition activity imply a advantage in the drug development in terms of time and cost to find alternative medicines for the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). The inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) has been one of the most explored strategies to develop potential drugs against this condition. A diverse dataset of molecules with known experimental inhibitory activity against DPP-4 was constructed and used to develop predictive models using different machine-learning algorithms. Model M36 is the most promising one based on the internal and external performance showing values of Q² _CV = 0.813, and Q² _EXT = 0.803. The applicability domain evaluation and Tropsha's analysis were conducted to validate M36, indicating its robustness and accuracy in predicting pIC₅₀ values for organic molecules within the established domain. The physicochemical properties of the ligands, including electronegativity, polarizability, and van der Waals volume were relevant to predict the inhibition process. The model was then employed in the virtual screening of potential DPP4 inhibitors, finding 448 compounds from the DrugBank and 9 from DiaNat with potential inhibitory activity. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were used to get insight into the ligand-protein interaction. From the screening and the favorable molecular dynamic results, several compounds including Skimmin (pIC₅₀ = 3.54, Binding energy = −8.86 kcal/mol), bergenin (pIC₅₀ = 2.69, Binding energy = −13.90 kcal/mol), and DB07272 (pIC₅₀ = 3.97, Binding energy = −25.28 kcal/mol) seem to be promising hits to be tested and optimized in the treatment of T2DM. This results imply a important reduction in cost and time on the application of this drugs because all the information about the its metabolism is already available.