Beta-to-Theta Entropy Ratio of EEG in Aging, Frontotemporal Dementia, and Alzheimer's Dementia

Abstract

Background

Aging, frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and Alzheimer's dementia (AD) manifest electroencephalography (EEG) alterations, particularly in the beta-to-theta power ratio derived from linear power spectral density (PSD). Given the brain's nonlinear nature, the EEG nonlinear features could provide valuable physiological indicators of aging and cognitive impairment. Multiscale dispersion entropy (MDE) serves as a sensitive nonlinear metric for assessing the information content in EEGs across biologically relevant time scales.

Objective

To compare the MDE-derived beta-to-theta entropy ratio with its PSD-based counterpart to detect differences between healthy young and elderly individuals and between different dementia subtypes.

Methods

Scalp EEG recordings were obtained from two datasets: 1) Aging dataset: 133 healthy young and 65 healthy older adult individuals; and 2) Dementia dataset: 29 age-matched healthy controls (HC), 23 FTD, and 36 AD participants. The beta-to-theta ratios based on MDE vs. PSD were analyzed for both datasets. Finally, the relationships between cognitive performance and the beta-to-theta ratios were explored in HC, FTD, and AD.

Results

In the Aging dataset, older adults had significantly higher beta-to-theta entropy ratios than young individuals. In the Dementia dataset, this ratio outperformed the beta-to-theta PSD approach in distinguishing between HC, FTD, and AD. The AD participants had a significantly lower beta-to-theta entropy ratio than FTD, especially in the temporal region, unlike its corresponding PSD-based ratio. The beta-to-theta entropy ratio correlated significantly with cognitive performance.

Conclusion

Our study introduces the beta-to-theta entropy ratio using nonlinear MDE for EEG analysis, highlighting its potential as a sensitive biomarker for aging and cognitive impairment.