Metabolic engineering of Komagataella phaffii for the efficient utilization of methanol.

Abstract

Background: Komagataella phaffii, a type of methanotrophic yeast, can use methanol, a favorable non-sugar substrate in eco-friendly bio-manufacturing. The dissimilation pathway in K. phaffii leads to the loss of carbon atoms in the form of CO₂. However, the ΔFLD strain, engineered to lack formaldehyde dehydrogenase-an essential enzyme in the dissimilation pathway-displayed growth defects when exposed to a methanol-containing medium.

Results: Inhibiting the dissimilation pathway triggers an excessive accumulation of formaldehyde and a decline in the intracellular NAD⁺/NADH ratio. Here, we designed dual-enzyme complex with the alcohol oxidase1/dihydroxyacetone synthase1 (Aox1/Das1), enhancing the regeneration of the formaldehyde receptor xylulose-5-phosphate (Xu5P). This strategy mitigated the harmful effects of formaldehyde accumulation and associated toxicity to cells. Concurrently, we elevated the NAD⁺/NADH ratio by overexpressing isocitrate dehydrogenase in the TCA cycle, promoting intracellular redox homeostasis. The OD₆₀₀ of the optimized combination of the above strategies, strain DF02-1, was 4.28 times higher than that of the control strain DF00 (ΔFLD, HIS4⁺) under 1% methanol. Subsequently, the heterologous expression of methanol oxidase Mox from Hansenula polymorpha in strain DF02-1 resulted in the recombinant strain DF02-4, which displayed a growth at an OD₆₀₀ 4.08 times higher than that the control strain DF00 in medium containing 3% methanol.

Conclusions: The reduction of formaldehyde accumulation, the increase of NAD⁺/NADH ratio, and the enhancement of methanol oxidation effectively improved the efficient utilization of a high methanol concentration by strain ΔFLD strain lacking formaldehyde dehydrogenase. The modification strategies implemented in this study collectively serve as a foundational framework for advancing the efficient utilization of methanol in K. phaffii.