First-male sperm precedence in polyandrous Spodoptera frugiperda allows sterile males induce population suppression

Abstract

Males respond to intense sperm competition by adapting reproductive strategies to promote fertilization success, which is critical for population reproduction. Thus, investigating the patterns and mechanisms of sperm competition is crucial for the development and application of pest population management techniques. In this study, we analyzed the sperm precedence pattern of a major pest, the fall armyworm, and used this pattern to manage the pest population. First, we found that females had a post-mating response and did not gain direct benefit through multiple mating. Next, in a double mating experiment, we used a molecular marker created by CRISPR/Cas9 to determine that most females use only the sperm of the first male to produce offspring. To further explore the role of fertilizing sperm in sperm competition, we constructed a sterile male line with eupyrene sperm defect by knocking out the B2t gene. Interestingly, two round mating assays showed that first mating with B2t-null males inhibited sperm fertilization from a second wild-type male. In other words, prior mating with B2t-null males significantly reduced the fertility and fecundity of females. Based on this finding, we continued to explore whether sperm-deficient sterile males could be used in the management of FAW populations. Cage experiments and mathematical modeling analyses showed that the release of excess B2t-null males induced population suppression. Our study expands our knowledge of sperm competition patterns in lepidopteran. In addition, our study provides a paradigm to develop and apply genetic control methods based on sperm competition outcome in polyandrous pests. Significance Sperm competition is essential for maintaining population reproduction. Understanding patterns and mechanisms of sperm competition facilitates the development of appropriate pest genetic control methods. Here, we describe that a globally major pest, the fall armyworm displays the first-male sperm precedence pattern. Interestingly, first mating with B2t-null males, which produces non-functional eupyrene sperm, significantly reduces the fertility and fecundity of females. That means that the ejaculate of the first male, even if its eupyrene sperm are defective, can inhibit sperm fertilization from a second wild-type male. Based on this, the release of excess B2t-null males significantly suppresses FAW populations. These results suggest that future development of genetic control techniques based on targeting nucleated sperm can effectively control FAW populations.