Radiographic predictors of muscle-invasive upper tract urothelial cancer

Abstract

Introduction: Accurate diagnostic staging of upper tract urothelial cancer (UTUC) is challenging. Endoscopic staging is limited by its ability to provide adequate sampling of deeper layers of the ureter and renal pelvis. Further ability to accurately predict invasive disease would aid in better selecting the appropriate treatment for patients. We aimed to analyze the ability of preoperative cross-sectional radiologic findings to predict pathologic outcomes, including tumor grade, muscle-invasive disease, and presence of lymphovascular invasion (LVI). Methods: All patients diagnosed with localized UTUC (cN0M0) who underwent nephroureterectomy between February 2012 and December 2018 in Manitoba, Canada, were identified. Preoperative radiologic characteristics, including the presence and severity of hydronephrosis, as well as tumor location were recorded. Patients’ and pathologic characteristics were also recorded. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between radiologic variables and pathologic outcomes at radical surgery. Results: A total of 112 pathology reports of patients with UTUC were obtained. The median age was 70 years (range 50–87), and 58.8% of patients were men. On univariate analysis, ureteric location on computed tomography (odds ratio [OR] 2.240, 95% confidence interval [CU] 1.049–4.783, p=0.037) and presence of hydronephrosis (OR 2.455, 95% CI 1.094–5.506, p=0.0029) were each independently associated with locally invasive disease (>pT2). No radiologic variables were found to be a predictor of adverse pathology on multivariable analysis. Only the presence of hydronephrosis was associated with high-grade disease on univariate analysis (OR 2.533, 95% CI 1.083–5.931, p=0.032). Conclusions: Our findings suggest a limited role for cross-sectional imaging in predicting the presence of high-grade disease, LVI, or locally advanced disease in UTUC.