Efficient Writing of Fiber Bragg Gratings with Low Energy Focused fs Pulses Using a Two-Mask Interferometer

Abstract

We demonstrate fast writing of strong fiber Bragg grating (FBG) without hydrogen loading using 343 nm femtosecond pulses of only 7 μJ energy at 60 kHz repetition rates and a two-mask interferometer. The beam was focused to a 30–50 μm diameter along the fiber axis, greatly enhancing the peak power while avoiding damage to the masks. A refractive index modulation of more than 10−3 could be obtained in less than one minute exposure. To avoid the observed strong temperature gradient observed in the SMF-28 fiber, a galvo scanner was used to rapidly move the beam back and forth laterally up to 1 mm. FBG were written in SMF-28, as well as 20/400 μm fiber. In the latter fiber, better heat dissipation allowed us to write the FBG with the standard phase mask scanning technique, and a 0.28 mm Gaussian apodized FBG could be written.