Reviewing the Diagnostic Performance of 99mTc-TRODAT-1 Imaging in Distinguishing Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease from Parkinson-Plus Syndromes

Abstract

Abstract Aim  Diagnosing movement disorders can be challenging owing to their similar clinical presentations with other neurodegenerative and basal ganglia disorders, like idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD), essential tremors (ET), vascular parkinsonism, multiple system atrophy (MSA), and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). Technetium-99m labeled tropane derivative (99mTc-TRODAT-1) imaging can help in diagnosing Parkinson's disease at an early stage to help early initiation of the treatment. The current study aimed to evaluate the role of 99mTc-TRODAT-1 imaging in differentiating IPD and Parkinson-plus syndromes (PPS). Material and Methods  We have analyzed 38 patients, referred to our department for 99mTc-TRODAT imaging. These patients were thoroughly evaluated in the movement disorder clinic at our institute and had a possible/ probable diagnosis of IPD, Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) stage I/II ( n  = 28) or PPS (PSP [ n  = 06] and MSA [ n  = 04]). Striatal uptake ratio (SUR) was calculated in all the patients and data was statistically analyzed. Results  The mean age of IPD, PSP, and MSA groups was 56.5 ± 12.15, 65.2 ± 11.1, and 51.2 ± 3.9 years, respectively. On qualitative evaluation, all patients had reduced striatal uptake on 99mTc-TRODAT imaging, with 31/38 patients showed a greater reduction in putaminal uptake compared with the caudate nucleus. On semiquantitative evaluation, mean total SUR was 0.58 ± 0.27, 0.53 ± 0.31, and 0.91 ± 0.20 in IPD, PSP, and MSA groups, respectively. The total SUR was lowest in the PSP group followed by IPD, but MSA had relatively higher SUR, although the difference was not statistically significant. Among the IPD patient group, 25/28 patients (89.3%) experienced a greater reduction in SUR values in the striatum contralateral to the side, where motor symptoms first manifested at disease onset. Conclusion  99mTc-TRODAT is a potential imaging biomarker for the evaluation of presynaptic dopaminergic dysfunction in patients with movement disorders. In our study cohort, mean SUR values were lowest for the PSP group followed by IPD and MSA group, which was in concordance with previous studies. However, the difference between SUR values in these two groups was not statistically significant. The present study emphasizes that the capacity of 99mTc-TRODAT-1 imaging alone for diagnosing IPD from PPS is constrained, although it offers a precise approach for distinguishing patients with IPD from those with essential tremors, drug-induced, or psychogenic parkinsonism. Consequently, more specific imaging biomarkers are needed to effectively differentiate between patients with IPD and those with PPS.