From past to present: A tertiary investigation of twenty-four years of image inpainting

Abstract

Inpainting techniques, rooted in ancient art restoration practices, have become essential tools for digital image editing in modern contexts. Despite their widespread applications across diverse domains, the rapid advance of inpainting methodologies has highlighted the need for comprehensive reviews to document progress and identify areas for deeper investigation. Although there are many works in literature describing the state of the art regarding inpainting methods, algorithms, and technologies, many of them are presented lacking methodological rigor, which compromises the reliability and validity of their conclusions. In light of the wide literature about inpainting, this tertiary review aims to systematically identify their main techniques, recurring challenges, and applications through the perspective of secondary studies, providing a helpful background for new researchers. Our findings are based on an analysis of 45 reviews, where one of the major issues observed was the lack of standardization in the classification of methods, and to address this, we provide a concise and clear classification. Furthermore, we present a summary of the most commonly used metrics and a discussion of the main shortcomings and applications, which extend beyond digital image restoration to include medical imaging, three-dimensional restoration, cultural heritage preservation, and more. While inpainting poses challenges, this review aims to inspire further exploration and advancement in the field by providing a comprehensive overview of inpainting research.